UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     .

Commission File Number: 000-50484

MEI Pharma, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

11455 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(858) 369-7100

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $261.5 million as of December 31, 2019, based on the closing price of the registrant’s Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market on such date. For purposes of this calculation, shares of the registrant’s common stock held by directors and executive officers have been excluded. This number is provided only for purposes of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and does not represent an admission that any particular person or entity is an affiliate of the registrant.

As of September 3, 2020, there were 112,522,001 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.00000002 per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in December 2020, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year ended June 30, 2020.

MEI PHARMA, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, includes forward-looking statements, which involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified as such because the context of the statement will include words such as “may,” “will,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “likely,” or “opportunity,” the negative of these words or other similar words. Similarly, statements that describe our future plans, strategies, intentions, expectations, objectives, goals or prospects and other statements that are not historical facts are also forward-looking statements. Discussions containing these forward-looking statements may be found, among other places, in “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report. For such statements, we claim the protection of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Readers of this Annual Report are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the time this Annual Report was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. These forward-looking statements are based largely on our expectations and projections about future events and future trends affecting our business, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those discussed in “Risk Factors” and in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report. Other sections of this report and our other filings with the SEC may include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. There is substantial uncertainty regarding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak (as defined below) on our business, industry, global economic conditions and government policy. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. In addition, past financial or operating performance is not necessarily a reliable indicator of future performance, and you should not use our historical performance to anticipate results or future period trends. We can give no assurances that any of the events anticipated by the forward-looking statements will occur or, if any of them do, what impact they will have on our results of operations and financial condition. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise our forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the filing of this Annual Report or documents incorporated by reference herein that include forward-looking statements.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report to “MEI Pharma,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to MEI Pharma, Inc.

MEI Pharma, Inc. and our corporate logo are registered service marks of MEI Pharma. Any other brand names or trademarks appearing in this Annual Report are the property of their respective holders.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a late-stage pharmaceutical company focused on leveraging our extensive development and oncology expertise to identify and advance new therapies intended to meaningfully improve the treatment of cancer. Our portfolio of drug candidates contains four clinical-stage assets, including zandelisib (formerly known as (“f/k/a”) ME-401), currently in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial that, subject to the results upon completion of the trial, we intend to submit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) to support accelerated approval of a marketing application. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “MEIP.”

Our approach to building our pipeline is to license promising cancer agents and build value in programs through development, commercialization and strategic partnerships, as appropriate.

In January 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus (the “COVID-19 outbreak”) and the risks to the international community. In March 2020, the WHO classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic based on the rapid increase in exposure globally. As a result of the ongoing and rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, various public health orders and guidance measures have been implemented across much of the United States, and across the globe, including in the locations of our office, clinical trial sites, key vendors and partners. While we continue to enroll and dose patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development program timelines have been negatively affected by COVID-19. The extent to which the ongoing pandemic continues to impact our business, including our preclinical studies, chemistry, manufacturing and controls (“CMC”) studies and clinical trials, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease and to minimize its economic impact.

In light of the COVID-19 outbreak, the FDA issued a number of new guidance documents. Specifically, as a result of the potential effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on many clinical trial programs in the US and globally, the FDA issued guidance concerning potential impacts on clinical trial programs, changes that may be necessary to such programs if they proceed, considerations regarding trial suspensions and discontinuations, the potential need to consult with or make submissions to relevant ethics committees, Institutional Review Boards (“IRBs”), and the FDA, the use of alternative drug delivery methods, and

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considerations with respect the outbreak’s impacts on endpoints, data collection, study procedures, and analysis. In addition, the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) as well as various country regulatory authorities have issued similar guidance. We have adapted the FDA and EMA guidance for study procedures, data collection, and oversight resulting from the pandemic.

On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act.” The CARES Act, among other things, includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of employer side social security payments, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations, increased limitations on qualified charitable contributions, and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. Regulatory guidance has indicated that public companies are ineligible to participate in certain of the loan programs provided by the CARES Act. We continue to examine the impact that the CARES Act may have on our business. Currently, we do not expect that the CARES Act will have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

Clinical Development Programs

Our approach to building our pipeline is to license promising cancer agents and build value in programs through development, commercialization and strategic partnerships, as appropriate. Our existing drug candidate pipeline includes:

Zandelisib (f/k/a ME-401): PI3Kd Inhibitor in a Phase 2 Trial Intended to Support an Accelerated Approval in Relapsed or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma

Zandelisib is an oral, once-daily, selective PI3Kd inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. In April 2020, we entered a global license, development and commercialization agreement to further develop and commercialize zandelisib with Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd. (“KKC”). MEI and KKC will co-develop and co-promote zandelisib in the U.S., with MEI recording all revenue from U.S. sales. KKC has exclusive commercialization rights outside of the U.S. We are conducting multiple ongoing studies evaluating zandelisib including TIDAL (Trials of PI3K DeltA in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma), a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating zandelisib as a monotherapy for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory (“r/r”) follicular lymphoma (“FL”) after failure of at least two prior systemic therapies including chemotherapy and an anti-CD20 antibody. Subject to the results, upon completion of TIDAL, we are planning a submission with the FDA to support an accelerated approval of a marketing application under 21 CFR Part 314.500, Subpart H. We are also conducting a multi-arm, open-label, Phase 1b dose escalation and expansion trial evaluating zandelisib as a monotherapy and in combination with other therapies in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Other initiated studies include a Phase 1 study, conducted by KKC, evaluating zandelisib as a monotherapy in patients in Japan with indolent B-cell malignancy, pursuant to a 2018 license, development and commercialization agreement with respect to development and commercialization in Japan that was superseded by the April 2020 global agreement.

While PI3Kd inhibitors as a group are a clinically validated class for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, the FDA approved orally administered products, idelalisib (marketed as Zydelig^®) and duvelisib (marketed as COPIKTRA®), and the intravenously administered PI3Kd/α inhibitor copanlisib (marketed as Aliqopa^®), are challenged by dose-limiting toxicities. We believe this

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provides an opportunity for the development of a next-generation candidate with pharmaceutical properties that may better maximize the therapeutic potential of PI3Kd inhibition by limiting toxicities, which hinder clinical utility.

The molecular structure and pharmacodynamic characteristics of zandelisib are distinct from the FDA approved PI3Kd inhibitors. Zandelisib is characterized by prolonged target binding, preferential cellular accumulation, high volume of distribution throughout the body tissues, and an approximately 28-hour half-life suitable for once daily oral administration. These properties of zandelisib allow exploration of flexible dosing regimens such as an intermittent dosing schedule, which has demonstrated the potential to maintain clinical benefit while minimizing immune-related toxicities common to other PI3Kd agents, either as a monotherapy or in combination with other therapies.

KKC License, Development and Commercialization Agreement

In April 2020, we entered a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with KKC (the “KKC Commercialization Agreement”). We granted to KKC a co-exclusive, sublicensable, payment-bearing license under certain patents and know-how controlled by us to develop and commercialize zandelisib and any pharmaceutical product containing zandelisib for all human indications in the U.S., and an exclusive (subject to certain retained rights to perform obligations under the agreement), sublicensable, payment-bearing, license under certain patents and know-how controlled by us to develop and commercialize zandelisib and any pharmaceutical product containing zandelisib for all human indications in countries outside of the United States (the “Ex-U.S”). KKC grants to us a co-exclusive, sublicensable, license under certain patents and know-how controlled by KKC to develop and commercialize zandelisib for all human indications in the U.S., and a co-exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-free, fully paid license under certain patents and know-how controlled by KKC to perform our obligations in the Ex-U.S. under the KKC Commercialization Agreement. The KKC Commercialization Agreement substantially retains and consolidates the terms of the 2018 license agreement with KKC to develop and commercialize zandelisib in Japan.

KKC will be responsible for the development and commercialization of zandelisib in the Ex-U.S. and, subject to certain exceptions, will be solely responsible for all costs related thereto. We and KKC will co-develop and co-promote zandelisib in the U.S., with us recording all revenue from U.S. sales. We and KKC will share U.S. profits and costs (including development costs) on a 50-50 basis. We will also provide to KKC certain drug supplies necessary for the development and commercialization of zandelisib in the Ex-U.S. pursuant to supply agreements to be entered into on customary terms, with the understanding that KKC will assume responsibility for manufacturing for the Ex-U.S. as soon as practicable.

Under the terms of the KKC Commercialization Agreement, KKC paid us an initial payment of $100 million in May 2020. Of the $100 million paid by KKC, $20.4 million was remitted to the Japanese taxing authorities as a result of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service being closed due to the COVID pandemic, and therefore being unable to provide necessary documentation to support an exemption from the required foreign withholding. We expect to receive the amount paid to the Japanese taxing authorities in fiscal year 2021. We may also earn up to approximately $582.5 million in potential development, regulatory and commercialization milestone payments, plus royalties on net sales of zandelisib in the Ex-U.S., which are tiered beginning in the teens.

Zandelisib Scientific Overview: at the Crossroads of B-cell Signaling Pathways

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an important signaling pathway for many cellular functions such as cell survival, cell cycle progression and cellular growth. PI3Ks are a family of enzymes within this pathway that have been shown to play a critical role in the proliferation and survival of certain cancer cells.

There are several isoforms of PI3K that are expressed in different types of cells. The PI3Kd isoform is at the crossroads of B-cell receptor signaling pathways that are major drivers of survival and proliferation of many B-cell malignancies. Because the d isoform is often overexpressed in cancer cells of the B-lymphocyte lineage, such as B-cell leukemias and lymphomas, it is understood to be important for survival of these cells. Zandelisib displays high selectivity for the PI3K delta isoform and functions to inhibit its activity.

Clinical Program

We are conducting multiple ongoing studies evaluating zandelisib including TIDAL, a global Phase 2 trial evaluating patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma intended to support an accelerated approval of a marketing application with the FDA, and a multi-arm, open-label, Phase 1b dose escalation and expansion trial as a monotherapy and in combination with other therapies in patients with FL and other B-cell malignancies. Additionally, in 2019, KKC initiated a Phase 1 study evaluating zandelisib as a monotherapy in patients in Japan with indolent B-cell malignancy.

Phase 1b Multi-arm Trial

In May 2020, we reported updated data from the ongoing Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating zandelisib as a monotherapy and in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies as featured in a poster discussion at the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2020 Virtual Scientific Program.

Data were reported from a total of 57 patients treated with zandelisib, including 36 patients with r/r FL, 10 patients with r/r chronic lymphocytic leukemia (“CLL”), and 11 patients with other B-cell malignancies. Zandelisib was administered once daily at 60 mg for two 28-day cycles and then on an intermittent schedule (“IS”) of once daily dosing for the first seven days of each subsequent 28-day cycle. A previous cohort of 39 patients in the trial was treated with zandelisib at 60 to 180 mg administered continuously once daily (“CS”) or were switched to the IS in later cycles.

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The overall response rate in the 36 patients with r/r FL was 83%, with 22% achieving a complete response. The overall response rate was 76% in 17 patients administered zandelisib as a monotherapy and 89% in 19 patients administered zandelisib in combination with rituximab. The overall response rate in nine evaluable patients with CLL was 89%.

Overall Response Rates (“ORR”)

Median duration of response in patients with FL has not yet been reached and median follow-up was 13.2 months (range: 3.0-27.6). Responses appeared durable across patient subsets analyzed (prior lines of therapy (1 vs ³ 2), treatment group (i.e. monotherapy or in combination with rituximab) or tumor bulk (< 5 cm vs ³5 cm)).

Duration of Response: Follicular Lymphoma Patients (N=30)

Zandelisib was generally well-tolerated. The rate of drug related grade 3 Adverse Events of Special Interest (“AESI”) was: diarrhea 3.5% (2/57); colitis 3.5% (2/57); rash 1.8% (1/57); alanine aminotransferase (“ALT”)/ aspartate aminotransferase (”AST”) elevation 1.8% (1/57); non-infectious pneumonitis 1.8% (1/57). No grade ³3 AESI was reported after Cycle 3, when patients are treated with the IS, and the discontinuation rate due to adverse events was 7% (4/57). There were no isolated grade 3 elevations in ALT and AST: such elevations were transient and in each case were associated with grade 3 diarrhea or rash.

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The Phase 1b trial is additionally evaluating zandelisib (60 mg) in combination with zanubrutinib (marketed as Brukinsa^®), an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (“BTK”) developed by BeiGene, Ltd. (“BeiGene”). Pursuant to a collaboration initiated with BeiGene in October 2018, we began evaluating the safety and efficacy of zandelisib in combination with zanubrutinib for the treatment of patients with various relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. The cost of the combination trial is being equally shared. Each company is supplying its own investigational agent. We retain all commercial rights to zandelisib (subject to the KKC Commercialization Agreement) and BeiGene retains all commercial rights to zanubrutinib.

Phase 2 Trial Intended to Support an Accelerated Approval Marketing Application

We are recruiting patients in TIDAL, a global Phase 2 trial evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zandelisib in patients with FL after failure of at least two prior systemic therapies including chemotherapy and anti-CD20 antibody. This study is intended to support an FDA accelerated approval New Drug Application (“NDA”). The study is evaluating zandelisib administered once daily at 60 mg for two 28-day cycles and then on an intermittent schedule of once daily dosing for the first seven days of each subsequent 28-day cycle (i.e. IS). Approximately 120 patients will be enrolled and treated with the IS regimen; the primary efficacy endpoint will be the rate of objective responses to therapy and other endpoints will include duration of response and tolerability of zandelisib.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Phase 2 TIDAL Study

While the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact the completion of the TIDAL study is subject to future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, currently the integrity of the study remains intact and patient enrollment continues, although at a reduced rate. At this time, TIDAL enrollment is projected to be completed in the first calendar quarter of 2021. We will continue efforts to be proactive in managing the impact from the pandemic, including various actions to communicate with sites and investigators, and making accommodations to patients consistent with FDA guidance and guidance from other regulatory authorities, as we may deem appropriate.

Voruciclib: CDK Inhibitor with CDK9 Inhibition in Phase 1 Studies

Voruciclib is an orally administered CDK inhibitor differentiated by its potent in vitro inhibition of CDK9 in addition to CDK6, 4 and 1. Voruciclib is being evaluated in a Phase 1b trial evaluating dose and schedule in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (“AML”) and B-cell malignancies.

Voruciclib Scientific Overview: Cell Cycle Signaling

The CDK family of proteins are important cell cycle regulators. CDK9 is a transcriptional regulator of the myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (“MCL1”), a member of the family of anti-apoptotic proteins which, when elevated, may prevent the cell from undergoing cell death. Inhibition of CDK9 blocks the production of MCL1, which is an established resistance mechanism to the B-cell lymphoma (“BCL2”) inhibitor venetoclax (marketed as Venclexta®).

In pre-clinical studies voruciclib shows dose-dependent suppression of MCL1; in December 2017 a study of voruciclib published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports reported that the combination of voruciclib plus the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax was capable of inhibiting two master regulators of cell survival, MCL-1 and BCL-2, and achieved synergistic antitumor effect in an aggressive subset of DLBCL pre-clinical models. (Scientific Reports. (2017) 7:18007. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-18368-w).

Additionally, a peer reviewed manuscript published in 2020 by Luedtke et al, concluded that the inhibition of CDK9 by voruciclib synergistically enhances cell death induced by the Bcl-2 selective inhibitor venetoclax in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia. (Sig Transduct Target Ther 5, 17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0112-3.

CDK9 is also a transcriptional regulator of MYC proto-oncogene protein (“MYC”), a transcription factor regulating cell proliferation and growth which contributes to many human cancers and is frequently associated with poor prognosis and

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unfavorable patient survival. Targeting MYC directly has historically been difficult, but CDK9 is a transcriptional regulator of MYC and is a promising approach to target this oncogene.

Clinical Program

We are evaluating patients with hematological malignancies in a Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating the dose and schedule of voruciclib. The trial is initially intended to evaluate the dose and schedule of voruciclib as a monotherapy in patients with relapsed and/or refractory B-cell malignancies or AML after failure of prior standard therapies to determine the safety, preliminary efficacy and maximum tolerated dose. Once initial safe dose levels and schedules have been established, we plan in parallel, subject to FDA agreement, to evaluate the dose and schedule of voruciclib in combination with a BCL2 inhibitor such as venetoclax to assess synergies and the opportunity for combination treatments, initially in patients with AML and subsequently across multiple indications.

Voruciclib was previously evaluated in more than 70 patients with solid tumors in multiple Phase 1 studies with a tolerability profile consistent with other drugs in its class. In pre-clinical studies, voruciclib shows dose-dependent suppression of MCL1 at concentrations achievable with doses that appear to be generally well tolerated in earlier Phase 1 studies. Pre-clinical studies additionally show inhibition of MYC protein expression.

ME-344: Mitochondrial Inhibitor with Combinatorial Potential

ME-344 is our novel and tumor selective, isoflavone-derived mitochondrial inhibitor drug candidate. It directly targets the OXPHOS complex 1, a pathway involved in ATP production in the mitochondria. ME-344 was studied in an investigator-initiated, multi-center, randomized clinical trial in combination with the vascular endothelial growth factor (“VEGF”) inhibitor bevacizumab (marketed as Avastin ^®) in a total of 42 patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (“HER2”) negative breast cancer.

ME-344 Scientific Overview: Cancer Metabolism

Tumor cells often display a high metabolic rate to support cell division and growth. This heightened metabolism requires a continual supply of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (“ATP”). The two major sources of ATP are the specialized cellular organelles termed mitochondria and through the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

ME-344 was identified through a screen of more than 400 new chemical structures originally created based on the central design of naturally occurring plant isoflavones. We believe that some of these synthetic compounds, including our drug candidate ME-344, interact with specific mitochondrial enzyme targets, resulting in the inhibition of ATP generation. When these compounds interact with their target, a rapid reduction in ATP occurs, which leads to a cascade of biochemical events within the cell and ultimately to cell death.

Clinical Program

ME-344 demonstrated evidence of single agent activity against refractory solid tumors in a Phase 1 trial, and in pre-clinical studies tumor cells treated with ME-344 resulted in a rapid loss of ATP and cancer cell death. In addition to single agent activity, ME-344 may also have significant potential in combination with anti-angiogenic therapeutics. In pre-clinical studies, it was shown that one outcome of anti-angiogenics was to reduce the rate of glycolysis in tumors as a mechanism to slow tumor growth. However, tumor metabolism was able to shift to mitochondrial metabolism for energy production to support continued tumor proliferation. In such cases of tumor plasticity in the presence of treatment with anti-angiogenics, targeting the alternative metabolic source with ME-344 may open an important therapeutic opportunity.

Support for this combinatorial use of ME-344 was first published in the June 2016 edition of Cell Reports; pre-clinical data from a collaboration with the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre in Madrid demonstrated mitochondria-specific effects of ME-344 in cancer cells, including substantially enhanced anti-tumor activity when combined with agents that inhibit the activity of VEGF. These data demonstrating the potential anti-cancer effects of combining ME-344 with a VEGF inhibitor due to an inhibition of both mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism provided a basis for commencement of an investigator-initiated trial of ME-344 in combination with bevacizumab in HER2 negative breast cancer patients.

Results published in the November 2019 issue of Clinical Cancer Research from a multicenter, investigator-initiated, randomized, open-label, clinical trial that evaluated the combination of ME-344 and bevacizumab in 42 women with early HER2-negative breast cancer further support for the combinatorial use of ME-344 with anti-angiogenic therapeutics.

The primary objective of the trial was to show proof of ME-344 biologic activity as measured by Ki67 reductions in the presence of the nuclear protein Ki67 (expression of which is strongly associated with tumor cell proliferation and growth) from days 0 to 28 compared to the control group who received bevacizumab alone. Secondary objectives included determining whether ME-344 biologic activity correlates with vascular normalization. The data demonstrate significant biologic activity in the ME-344 treatment group:

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Treatment was generally well tolerated; three grade 3 adverse events of high blood pressure were reported, two in the ME-344 arm and one in the bevacizumab monotherapy arm.

Results from our earlier, first-in-human, single-agent Phase 1 clinical trial of ME-344 in patients with refractory solid tumors were published in the April 1, 2015 issue of Cancer. The results indicated that eight of 21 evaluable patients (38%) treated with ME-344 achieved stable disease or better, including five who experienced progression-free survival that was at least twice the duration of their last prior treatment before entry into the trial. In addition, one of these patients, a heavily pre-treated patient with small cell lung cancer, achieved a confirmed partial response and remained on study for two years. ME-344 was generally well tolerated at doses equal to or less than 10 mg/kg delivered on a weekly schedule for extended durations. Treatment-related adverse events included nausea, dizziness and fatigue. Dose-limiting toxicities were observed at both the 15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg dose levels, consisting primarily of grade 3 peripheral neuropathy.

Pracinostat: HDAC Inhibitor Candidate in a Phase 2 Clinical Trial

Pracinostat is an oral HDAC inhibitor being evaluated in a Phase 2 trial in patients with high or very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (“MDS”) who are previously untreated with hypomethylating agents (the “POC study”).

In August 2016, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license, development, manufacturing and commercialization agreement with Helsinn Healthcare SA, a Swiss pharmaceutical corporation (“Helsinn”) for pracinostat (the “Helsinn License Agreement”) as a treatment for patients with MDS or AML. Under the agreement, Helsinn is primarily responsible for funding global development and commercialization costs for pracinostat. We are responsible for conducting the POC study, the cost of which is being shared equally with Helsinn. Any future development and commercialization costs after the completion of the Phase 2 trial will be the responsibility of Helsinn.

Pracinostat Scientific Overview; Epigenetics

HDACs play a key role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression by regulating chromatin structure. Acetylation of positively charged lysine residues present in histone proteins by the histone acetyltransferase (“HATs”) reduces the affinity between histones and negatively charged DNA, resulting in the opening of the chromatin structure. This makes it easier for the transcriptional machinery to access the DNA, enhancing RNA transcription. Conversely, deacetylation by the HDACs closes the chromatin structure leading to a repression of gene transcription. In normal cells, HDACs and HATs together control histone acetylation levels to maintain a balance. In diseases such as cancer, this regulation can be disturbed. HDAC inhibitors cause accumulation of acetylated histones, enhance transcription and result in changes to a variety of cellular responses including differentiation, proliferation, migration, survival and response to metabolic and hypoxic stress. In general, tumor cells are more susceptible than normal cells to the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of HDAC inhibitors.

There are currently three HDAC inhibitors, one oral and two injectable, approved by the FDA for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma and a fourth orally administered HDAC inhibitor approved for multiple myeloma. Other HDAC inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials as monotherapies and in combination for the treatment of various hematologic diseases and solid tumors.

Pracinostat is an orally available, potent HDAC inhibitor that we believe has potentially improved physicochemical, pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties when compared to other compounds of this class, including increased bioavailability and increased half-life.

Clinical Program

Pracinostat is being investigated in a Phase 2 dose optimization trial evaluating patients with high and very high-risk MDS who are previously untreated with hypomethylating agents. This patient group represents the highest unmet need in MDS, with median survival estimates of 1.6 years and 0.8 years, respectively (Greenberg et al, Blood 2012). The ongoing Phase 2 open-label trial is evaluating a 45 mg dose of pracinostat in combination with the standard dose of azacitidine. The trial is designed to evaluate tolerability of the combination, with the intent of maintaining patient enrollment longer than in an earlier Phase 2 trial evaluating a 60 mg dose. A prolonged treatment may result in a systemic exposure to pracinostat and azacitidine sufficient to achieve the desired treatment effect; data from the earlier Phase 2 trial suggested that insufficient exposure to treatment may have limited the treatment effect of the combination.

A pre-planned interim analysis of the ongoing Phase 2 MDS trial demonstrated a 10% discontinuation rate among the first 20 evaluable patients treated, meeting the predefined threshold in the first 3 treatment cycles. The 10% rate is consistent with the discontinuation rate for azacitidine given as a monotherapy in earlier studies with pracinostat. Having met this threshold, the trial expanded open-label enrollment to a total of 60 patients in the study. An interim analysis presented at the 2018 ASH meeting demonstrated a discontinuation rate due to adverse events in the first three cycles of 4%, substantially lower than the rate of 26% reported in our prior Phase 2 trial.

The ongoing Phase 2 trial completed enrollment and patients have been followed for at least one year to evaluate safety and efficacy. The primary endpoints of the trial are 1) safety and tolerability and 2) overall response rate, defined as complete remission (“CR”), partial remission (“PR”) and marrow CR. Secondary endpoints include CR rate, overall hematologic improvement (“HI”) response rate, clinical benefit rate (defined as rate of CR + PR + HI + Marrow CR), rate of cytogenetic complete response/remission,

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duration of response, rate of leukemic transformation, event-free survival, progression-free survival and overall survival.

Data from the ongoing Phase 2 study (n=64) presented as part of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2020 Virtual Scientific Program in June 2020 demonstrated an estimated median overall survival (“OS”) rate of 23.5 months with a one-year OS rate of 77%. The median follow-up was 17.6 months (range, 15.7–18.8) and the overall response rate (“ORR”) was 33% (21/64), all of which are complete responses (“CR”). The clinical benefit rate (CR, mCR plus hematologic improvement (“HI”), mCR with no HI, or HI with no mCR) was 77% (49/64). Twenty seven percent of patients (17/64) proceeded to a stem cell transplant while on study. Eleven percent of patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. The most common grade ³3 treatment emergent adverse events were hematologic, and included decreased neutrophil count (50%), anemia (39%), febrile neutropenia (34%), decreased platelet count (33%), thrombocytopenia (27%), and decreased white blood cell count (20%).

A Phase 3 study evaluating pracinostat in combination with azacitidine in patients with AML who are unfit to receive standard intensive chemotherapy was discontinued by Helsinn, the study sponsor, in July 2020 after an interim futility analysis undertaken by the study Independent Data Monitoring Committee demonstrated it was unlikely to meet the primary endpoint of overall survival compared to the control group. Following the discontinuation of the Phase 3 AML study, Helsinn communicated to us their plan to continue therapy and observation of the patients currently in the Phase 2 MDS study and that further development of pracinostat, including for the treatment of MDS, is under review.

Competition

The marketplace for our drug candidates is highly competitive. A number of other companies have products or drug candidates in various stages of pre-clinical or clinical development that are intended for the same therapeutic indications for which our drug candidates are being developed. Some of these potential competing drug candidates are further advanced in development than our drug candidates and may be commercialized sooner. Even if we are successful in developing products that receive regulatory approval, such products may not compete successfully with products produced by our competitors or with products that may subsequently receive regulatory approval.

Our competitors include pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies, as well as universities and public and private research institutions. In addition, companies active in different but related fields represent substantial competition for us. Many of our competitors developing oncology drugs have significantly greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, and greater experience in drug development, regulation, manufacturing, marketing and commercialization than we do. They compete with us in recruiting sites and eligible patients to participate in clinical studies and in attracting development and/or commercialization partners. They also license technologies that are competitive with our technologies. As a result, our competitors may be able to more easily develop technologies and products that would render our technologies or our drug candidates obsolete or non-competitive.

Intellectual Property

We own, by assignment or exclusive license, worldwide rights to each of our current drug candidates. Our intellectual property portfolio includes approximately 37 issued U.S. patents, 293 issued foreign patents, 21 pending U.S. patent applications, and 115 pending foreign applications.

We have acquired, by assignment, worldwide rights to zandelisib and other related compounds from Pathway Therapeutics, Inc. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) has issued five patents covering the composition of matter and pharmaceutical compositions of zandelisib which are projected to expire in January 2031 and December 2032, not including any patent term extension. There are currently seven U.S. and 53 foreign applications for zandelisib and related compounds pending.

We have acquired exclusive worldwide rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize voruciclib from Presage Biosciences, Inc. (“Presage”). The USPTO has issued three patents covering the composition of matter and pharmaceutical compositions of voruciclib which are projected to expire between April 29, 2024 and September 2028, not including any patent term extension. In total there are currently 13 allowed or issued U.S. patents, 70 allowed or issued foreign patents, 6 pending U.S. applications and 20 pending foreign applications for voruciclib and related compounds.

We have acquired, by assignment, patents and patent applications from Novogen, our former majority shareholder, which relate to a large family of isoflavonoid compounds, including ME-344. The USPTO has issued 11 patents covering ME-344, including its composition of matter, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use to treat cancer. The composition of matter and pharmaceutical composition claims covering ME-344 are expected to expire in March 2027 and November 2031, not including patent term extension.

We have acquired, by assignment, patents and patent applications from S*Bio Pte Ltd (“S*Bio”) relating to a family of heterocyclic compounds, which include pracinostat, that inhibit histone deacetylases. The USPTO has issued eight patents covering a number of these heterocyclic-based compounds, including pracinostat, and their composition of matter, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of use to treat proliferative diseases. The composition of matter claims covering pracinostat are projected to expire in May 2028, not including patent term extension. In the Helsinn License Agreement, we granted to Helsinn an exclusive (subject to certain retained rights to perform obligations under the agreement), sublicensable, payment-bearing, license under and to certain

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patents and know-how controlled by us to develop, manufacture and commercialize pracinostat and any pharmaceutical product containing pracinostat for all human and animal indications.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to protect our proprietary technologies, compounds and information, and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright, and trademark laws, as well as confidentiality, licensing and other agreements, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. We seek patent protection for our key inventions, including drug candidates we identify, routes for chemical synthesis and pharmaceutical formulations. There is no assurance that any of our pending patent applications will issue, or that any of our patents will be enforceable or will cover a drug or other commercially significant product or method. In addition, we regularly review our patent portfolio to identify patents and patent applications that we deem to have relatively low value to our ongoing business operations for potential abandonment. There is also no assurance that we will correctly identify which of our patents and patent applications should be maintained and which should be abandoned. The term of most of our other current patents commenced, and most of our future patents, if any, will commence, on the date of issuance and terminate 20 years from the earliest effective filing date of the patent application. Because any marketing and regulatory approval for a drug often occurs several years after the related patent application is filed, the resulting market exclusivity afforded by any patent on our drug candidates and technologies will likely be substantially less than 20 years.

As most patent applications in the U.S. are maintained as confidential until published by the USPTO at 18 months from filing for all cases filed after November 29, 2000, or at issue, for cases filed prior to November 29, 2000, we cannot be certain that we or Presage were the first to make the inventions covered by the patents and applications referred to above. Additionally, publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind the actual discoveries. Moreover, pursuant to the terms of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, patents filed on or after June 8, 1995 have a term of twenty years from the date of such filing except for provisional applications, irrespective of the period of time it may take for such patent to ultimately issue. This may shorten the period of patent protection afforded to therapeutic uses of zandelisib, voruciclib, ME-344 or pracinostat as patent applications in the biopharmaceutical sector often take considerable time to issue. However, in some countries the patent term may be extended.

In order to protect the confidentiality of our technology, including trade secrets and know-how and other proprietary technical and business information, we require all of our consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into agreements that prohibit the use or disclosure of information that is deemed confidential. These agreements also oblige our consultants, advisors and collaborators to assign to us, or negotiate a license to developments, discoveries and inventions made by such persons in connection with their work relating to our products. We cannot be sure that confidentiality will be maintained by those from whom we have acquired technology or disclosure prevented by these agreements. We also cannot be sure that our proprietary information or intellectual property will be protected by these agreements or that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or intellectual property.

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, and patents may have been applied for by, and issued to, other parties relating to products competitive with zandelisib, voruciclib, ME-344 or pracinostat. Use of these compounds and any other drug candidates may give rise to claims that they infringe the patents or proprietary rights of other parties, existing now and in the future. An adverse claim could subject us to significant liabilities to such other parties and/or require disputed rights to be licensed from such other parties. We cannot be sure that any license required under any such patents or proprietary rights would be made available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we do not obtain such licenses, we may encounter delays in product market introductions, or may find that the development, manufacture or sale of products requiring such licenses may be precluded.

Research and Development

The objective of our research and development program is the generation of data sufficient to achieve regulatory approval of our drug candidates in one or more dosage forms in major markets such as the U.S., to meet medical needs and develop a clinical and commercial profile with attractive attributes, and/or to allow us to enter into a development and/or commercial relationship with another party. The data are generated by our pre-clinical studies and clinical trial programs.

The key aspects of our research and development program are to provide more complete characterization of the following:

Government Regulation

U.S. Regulatory Requirements

The FDA, and comparable regulatory agencies in other countries, regulate and impose substantial requirements upon the research, development, pre-clinical and clinical testing, labeling, manufacture, quality control, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, marketing, distribution, import, and export of pharmaceutical products including biologics, as well as significant reporting and record-keeping obligations. State governments may also impose obligations in these and other areas.

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In the U.S., pharmaceutical products are regulated by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and other laws, including in the case of biologics, the Public Health Service Act. We believe, but cannot be certain, that our products will be regulated as drugs by the FDA. The process required by the FDA before drugs may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:

The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort, and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.

The results of the pre-clinical studies, together with initial specified manufacturing information, the proposed clinical trial protocol, and information about the participating investigators are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before we may begin human clinical trials in the U.S. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with federal regulations and Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”) requirements, and with investigational products that follow cGMP. GCPs include, among other requirements, the requirements related to monitoring, drug accountability, data integrity, and that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Additionally, an independent IRB must review and approve each study protocol and oversee conduct of the trial. An IND becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day period, raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the trials as outlined in the IND and imposes a clinical hold. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, the IND sponsor must resolve the FDA’s concerns before clinical trials can begin. Pre-clinical tests and studies can take several years to complete, and there is no guarantee that an IND we submit based on such tests and studies will become effective within any specific time period, if at all.

Sponsors must make certain reports and submissions to FDA and the IRB, including annual reports, and reports of investigator financial interests, serious adverse events and other significant safety information, study amendments, and new study protocols. Information about certain clinical trials, including a description of the study and study results, must also be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, for public dissemination on the clinicaltrials.gov website. Sponsors of investigational products for serious diseases must also have a publicly available policy on requests for expanded access.

Investigational drugs and active ingredients imported into the United States are also subject to regulation by the FDA. Further, the export of investigational products outside of the United States is subject to regulatory requirements of the receiving country as well as U.S. export requirements under the FDCA.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional non-clinical and toxicology studies and must also develop additional information about the CMC of the product candidate.

We cannot be certain that we will successfully complete clinical testing of our products within any specific time period, if at all. Furthermore, the FDA, the IRB or we may suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable safety risk or noncompliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

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Results of pre-clinical and toxicology studies, and clinical trials, as well as detailed information about the manufacturing process, quality control methods, and product composition, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA seeking approval to market and commercially distribute the product on the basis of a determination that the product is safe and effective for its intended use. Once the FDA receives an application, it has 60 days to review the NDA to determine if it is substantially complete to permit a substantive review, before it accepts the application for filing. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an application for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Under the goals agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, (“PDUFA”), the agency aims to review 90% of all applications for new molecular entities within ten months of the 60-day filing date. The PDUFA date is only a goal, thus, the FDA does not always meet its PDUFA dates. The PDUFA date may also be extended if the FDA requests or the sponsor provides substantial additional information regarding the submission.

The FDA may refer certain applications to an advisory committee, which is a panel of experts that make a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured and may inspect the Sponsor, clinical study vendors, and clinical sites at which the product candidate was studied and will not approve the product unless cGMP and GCP compliance is satisfactory. If applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, the FDA may issue a complete response letter, (“CRL”), to the Sponsor requiring additional non-clinical or clinical studies or additional CMC information. If a CRL is issued, the applicant may either: resubmit the marketing application, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter; withdraw the application; or request an opportunity for a hearing.

Once FDA determines that the approval requirements are met, it will issue an approval letter that authorizes commercial marketing of the product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of approval, the FDA also may require post-marketing commitments and requirements and/or surveillance to monitor the product’s safety or efficacy. The FDA also may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, as a condition of product approval or following approval to ensure that the benefits of the product candidate outweigh the risks. Moreover, even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications or populations for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings, or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a black box warning, impose other conditions, such as post-approval studies, or may not approve label statements that are necessary for successful commercialization and marketing.

Even after an NDA is approved, the FDA may impose additional obligations or restrictions (such as labeling changes, or clinical post-marketing requirements), or even suspend or withdraw a product approval or require additional testing or label revisions on the basis of data that arise after the product reaches the market, or if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained. We cannot be certain that any NDA we submit will be approved by the FDA for full or accelerated approval on a timely basis, if at all. Also, any such approval may limit the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. Any refusal to approve, delay in approval, suspension or withdrawal of approval, or restrictions on indicated uses could have a material adverse impact on our business prospects.

Each NDA must be accompanied by a substantial user fee pursuant to the requirements of the PDUFA and its amendments. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances. Following product approval, drug products are also subject to annual program fees. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. A written request can be submitted for a waiver for the application fee for the first human drug application that is filed by a small business, but there are no small business waivers for program fees. Product candidates that are designated as orphan products are not subject to application user fees unless the application includes an indication other than the orphan indication and may be exempt from program fees if certain criteria are met. We are not at the stage of development with our products where we are subject to these fees, but they are significant expenditures that may be incurred in the future and must be paid at the time of application submissions to the FDA.

Satisfaction of FDA requirements typically takes many years. The actual time required varies substantially, based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the pharmaceutical product, among other things. Government regulation imposes costly and time-consuming requirements and restrictions throughout the product life cycle and may delay product marketing for a considerable period of time, limit product marketing, or prevent marketing altogether. Success in pre-clinical or early stage clinical trials does not ensure success in later stage clinical trials. Data obtained from pre-clinical and clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent marketing approval. Even if a product receives marketing approval, the approval is limited to specific clinical indications. Further, even after marketing approval is obtained, the discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market.

After product approval, there are continuing significant regulatory requirements imposed by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements, obligations to report adverse side effects in patients using the products, and restrictions on advertising and promotional activities. Quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs, and the FDA periodically inspects facilities to assess cGMP compliance. Additionally, post-approval changes in ingredient composition, manufacturing processes or facilities, product labeling, or other areas may require submission of an NDA Supplement to the FDA for review and approval. New indications will require additional clinical studies and submission of an NDA Supplement.

Failure to comply with FDA regulatory requirements may result in an enforcement action by the FDA, including clinical

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holds, refusal to approve marketing applications or supplements, Warning Letters, product recalls, suspension or revocation of product approval, seizure of product to prevent distribution, impositions of injunctions prohibiting product manufacture or distribution, and civil and criminal penalties, among other actions. Maintaining compliance is costly and time-consuming. We cannot be certain that we, or our present or future suppliers or third-party manufacturers, will be able to comply with all FDA regulatory requirements, and potential consequences of noncompliance could have a material adverse impact on our business prospects.

The FDA’s policies may change, and additional governmental regulations may be enacted that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval of our products or affect our ability to manufacture, market, or distribute our products after approval. Moreover, increased attention to the containment of healthcare costs in the U.S. and in foreign markets could result in new government regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our ability to commercialize future products will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for the products will be available from government and health administration authorities, private health insurers, and other third-party payers. European Union member states and U.S. government and other third-party payers increasingly are attempting to contain healthcare costs by consideration of new laws and regulations limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new drugs. Our failure to obtain coverage, an adequate level of reimbursement, or acceptable prices for our future products could diminish any revenues we may be able to generate. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the U.S. or abroad.

Our activities also may be subject to state laws and regulations that affect our ability to develop and sell our products. We are also subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws relating to such matters as safe working conditions, clinical, laboratory, and manufacturing practices, environmental protection, fire hazard control, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances. We may incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations now or in the future, and the failure to comply may have a material adverse impact on our business prospects.

The FDCA includes provisions designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drugs and biological products intended for treatment of serious or life-threatening conditions that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for such conditions. These provisions set forth a procedure for designation of a drug as a “fast track product”. The fast track designation applies to the combination of the product and specific indication for which it is being studied. A product designated as fast track is ordinarily eligible for additional programs for expediting development and review, such as increased FDA interactions and rolling submission and review of the application.

Products that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and that provide a meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may also be eligible for accelerated approval. Drug approval under the accelerated approval regulations may be based on evidence of clinical effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. A post-marketing clinical study will be required to verify clinical benefit, and other restrictions to assure safe use may be imposed. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit, will allow the FDA to withdraw the drug or biologic from the market on an expedited basis.

A third potential designation that may be available is breakthrough therapy designation. A breakthrough therapy is a product that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. Products designated as breakthrough therapies are eligible for intensive FDA guidance, a commitment from the FDA to involve senior managers and experienced review staff in a proactive collaborative and cross-disciplinary review, rolling submission and review of the application, and the facilitation of cross-disciplinary review.

Finally, if a product is intended to treat a serious condition and, if approved, would provide significant improvements in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of the condition, the product may be eligible for priority review meaning that FDA’s goal for the review of an NDA is shortened to six months (after a two month period during which FDA decides whether the application is ready for filing) rather than the standard review of ten months from application acceptance. Currently, we have fast track designation for one of our clinical programs (zandelisib for patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma who have received at least two prior systemic therapies). If we should seek additional designations for any of our programs, we cannot be assured that it will be granted by the FDA. There is also no guarantee that we will be able to maintain any designation that we have received or may receive.

Following FDA approval of an NDA, sponsors are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims that cover the applicant’s drug or a method of using the drug. These patents are published in the FDA’s list of Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can be cited by potential competitors as a reference listed drug in support of a 505(b)(2) NDA or an Abbreviated New Drug Application, (“ANDA”). A 505(b)(2) NDA is an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety and efficacy but where at least some of the information required for approval comes from investigations that were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use from the person by or for whom the investigations were conducted. This regulatory pathway enables the applicant to rely, in part, on the FDA’s prior findings of safety and efficacy for an existing product, or published literature. An ANDA provides for marketing of a generic drug product that has the same active ingredients, dosage form, strength, route of administration, labeling, performance characteristics and intended use as a previously approved product. ANDAs applicants generally must only scientifically demonstrate that their product is bioequivalent to, or performs in the same manner as, the

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innovator drug and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the reference listed drug.

Generally, FDA may not approve an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA unless the reference listed drug’s Orange Book listed patents have expired and/or if the applicant certifies that it is not seeking approval for a patented method of use. FDA may approve these applications, however, if the 505(b)(2) NDA or ANDA sponsor certifies that the Orange Book listed patents for the reference listed drug are invalid or will not be infringed upon by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug product for which the application is submitted. This later certification is called a paragraph IV certification. If the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant has made a paragraph IV certification, following notice to the NDA and patent holders, the NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit. If a lawsuit is brought, FDA may not make an approval effective until the earlier of 30 months from the patent or application owner’s receipt of the notice of the paragraph IV certification, the expiration of the patent, when the infringement case concerning each such patent is favorably decided in the applicant’s favor or settled, or such shorter or longer period as may be ordered by a court.

Recently, Congress, the U.S. federal government administration, and U.S. federal administrative agencies have taken certain measures to increase drug competition and thus decrease drug prices, including by facilitating 505(b)(2) NDAs and ANDAs, and by introducing additional products into the U.S. market. By example, in 2019 FDA introduced a proposed rule and draft guidance to facilitate drug importation. Congress also passed a bill requiring sponsors of NDA products to provide sufficient quantities of drug product on commercially reasonable ma based terms to entities developing generic and 505(b)(2) products. This bill also included provisions on shared and individual REMS for generic drug products.

Under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, a sponsor may obtain marketing exclusivity for a specified period of time following FDA approval of certain drug applications. By example, new drugs containing new chemical entities that have not been previously approved by the FDA may obtain five years of exclusivity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company that contains the previously approved active moiety. However, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA may be submitted after four years if it contains a paragraph IV certification. This exclusivity is not absolute. For instance, it will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA; though, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

Following NDA approval, a patent owner may obtain an extension of a single unexpired patent that has not previously been extended for a period equal to one-half the period of time elapsed between the filing of an IND and the filing of the corresponding NDA plus the period of time between the filing of the NDA and FDA approval, with a five year maximum patent extension. The total patent life of the product with the extension cannot exceed fourteen years from the product’s approval date. The period of patent extension may also be reduced for any time that the applicant did not act with due diligence. We cannot be certain that we will be able to take advantage of either the patent term extension or marketing exclusivity provisions of these laws or that, if received, they will adequately protect any approved products from competition.

The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (“BPCA”), signed into law on January 4, 2002, was reauthorized and amended by the FDA Amendments Act of 2007 (“FDAAA”). The reauthorization of BPCA adds an additional six months of marketing exclusivity and patent protection to unexpired exclusivities and unexpired patents listed with FDA for NDA applicants that conduct acceptable pediatric studies of new and currently marketed drug products for which pediatric information would be beneficial, as identified by the FDA in a Pediatric Written Request. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted.

The Pediatric Research Equity Act (“PREA”), signed into law on December 3, 2003, also was reauthorized and amended by the FDAAA. The reauthorization of PREA requires that most applications for drugs and biologics include a pediatric assessment (unless waived or deferred) to ensure the drugs’ and biologics’ safety and effectiveness in children. Such pediatric assessment must contain data, gathered using appropriate formulations for each age group for which the assessment is required, that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug or the biological product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug or the biological product is safe and effective. The pediatric assessments can only be deferred provided there is a timeline for the completion of such studies. The FDA may waive (partially or fully) the pediatric assessment requirement for several reasons, including if the applicant can demonstrate that reasonable attempts to produce a pediatric formulation necessary for that age group have failed. Orphan products are also exempt from the PREA requirements. The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act signed into law on July 9, 2012, permanently renewed and strengthened BPCA and PREA.

Under the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017, beginning in 2020, sponsors submitting applications for product candidates intended for the treatment of adult cancer which are directed at molecular targets that the FDA determines to be substantially relevant to the growth or progression of pediatric cancer must submit an agreed-to Pediatric Study Plan, with the application, reports from molecularly targeted pediatric cancer investigations designed to yield clinically meaningful pediatric study data, using appropriate formulations, to inform potential pediatric labeling. While orphan products are not exempt from this requirement, the FDA may grant full or partial waivers, or deferrals, for submission of data.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a “rare disease or

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condition,” which generally is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. Additionally, sponsors must present a plausible hypothesis for clinical superiority to obtain orphan drug designation if there is a product already approved by the FDA that is considered by the FDA to be the same as the already approved product and is intended for the same indication. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. Orphan drug designation does, however, entitle a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical study costs, tax advantages, and certain user-fee waivers. The tax advantages, however, were limited in the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. If a product which has an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, i.e., the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances. If there is already a product approved by FDA that is the same product for the same indication, the orphan designated product will only receive orphan drug exclusivity if the prior hypothesis of clinical superiority is demonstrated.

Foreign Regulatory Requirements

Outside the U.S., our ability to market our products will also be contingent upon receiving marketing authorizations from the appropriate regulatory authorities and compliance with applicable post-approval regulatory requirements. Although the specific requirements and restrictions vary from country to country, as a general matter, foreign regulatory systems include risks similar to those associated with FDA regulation, described above.

Under European Union regulatory systems, marketing authorizations may be submitted either under a centralized or a decentralized procedure (“DCP”). Under the centralized procedure, a single application to the EMA leads to an approval granted by the European Commission which permits the marketing of the product throughout the EU. The centralized procedure is mandatory for certain classes of medicinal products, but optional for others. For example, all medicinal products developed by certain biotechnological means, and those developed for cancer and other specified diseases and disorders, must be authorized via the centralized procedure. The centralized procedure will apply to any of our products that are developed by means of a biotechnology process or are intended for treatment of cancer. The DCP is used for products that are not required to be authorized by the centralized procedure. Under the DCP (where there is no pre-existing marketing authorization granted by one member state) or mutual recognition procedure (“MRP”), an application for a marketing authorization is submitted to the competent authority of one member state of the EU (the reference member state). The holders of a national marketing authorization may submit further applications to the competent authorities of any or all the remaining member states (the concerned member states). The DCP enables applicants to submit an identical application to the competent authorities of all member states where approval is sought at the same time as the first application, while under the MRP, products are authorized initially in one member state, and other member states where approval is sought are then requested to recognize the original authorization based upon an assessment report prepared by the original authorizing competent authority. Under the decentralized and mutual recognition procedures, the reference member state assessment takes 210 days (MRP) or 120 days (DCP) and the concerned member states process should take no longer than 90 days. However, if one member state makes an objection, which under the legislation can only be based on a possible risk to human health, the application will be automatically referred to the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) of the EMA. If a referral for arbitration is made, the procedure is suspended. However, member states that have already approved the application may, at the request of the applicant, authorize the product in question without waiting for the result of the arbitration. Such authorizations will be without prejudice to the outcome of the arbitration. For all other concerned member states, the opinion of the CHMP, which is binding, could support or reject the objection or alternatively could reach a compromise position acceptable to all EU countries concerned. The arbitration procedure may take an additional year before a final decision is reached and may require the delivery of additional data.

As with FDA approval, we may not be able to secure regulatory approvals in the EU in a timely manner, if at all. Additionally, as in the U.S., post-approval regulatory requirements, such as those regarding product manufacture, marketing, or distribution, would apply to any product that is approved in the EU, and failure to comply with such obligations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to successfully commercialize any product.

The conduct of clinical trials in the European Union is governed by the European Clinical Trials Directive, which was implemented in May 2004. This Directive governs how regulatory bodies in member states control clinical trials. No clinical trial may be started without a clinical trial authorization granted by the national competent authority and favorable ethics approval. New legislation to revise and replace the European Clinical Trials Directive has been passed but is not yet implemented (currently estimated for 2020).

Accordingly, there is a marked degree of change and uncertainty both in the regulation of clinical trials and in respect of marketing authorizations which we face for our products in the EU.

Manufacturing

We do not have the facilities or capabilities to commercially manufacture any of our drug candidates. We are and expect to continue to be dependent on contract manufacturers for supplying our existing and future candidates for clinical trials and commercial scale manufacturing of our candidates in accordance with regulatory requirements, including cGMP. Contract manufacturers may utilize their own technology, technology developed by us, or technology acquired or licensed from third parties. FDA approval of the manufacturing procedures and the site will be required prior to commercial distribution.

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Employees

As of June 30, 2020, we had 51 employees, 14 of whom hold a Ph.D. or M.D. degree. Other personnel resources are used from time to time as consultants or third-party service organizations on an as-needed basis. All members of our senior management team have prior experience with pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical product companies. We believe that we have been successful in attracting skilled and experienced personnel, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain the individuals needed. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement, nor have we experienced work stoppages. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge through our website at www.meipharma.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks described below, together with other information in this Annual Report and other public filings, before making investment decisions regarding our securities. If any of the following events actually occur, our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. Moreover, the risks described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We will need substantial additional funds to progress the clinical trial program for our drug candidates, and to develop new compounds. The actual amount of funds we will need will be determined by a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control.

We will need substantial additional funds to progress the clinical trial program for our drug candidates and to develop any additional compounds. The factors that will determine the actual amount of funds that we will need to progress the clinical trial programs may include, but are not limited to, the following:

We have been opportunistic in our efforts to obtain cash, and we expect to continue to evaluate various funding alternatives from time to time. If we obtain additional funding, it may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may be dilutive to existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain additional funds on favorable terms or at all, we may be required to cease or reduce our operations. We may sell additional shares of common stock, and securities exercisable for or convertible into shares of our common stock, to satisfy our capital and operating needs; however, such transactions will be subject to market conditions and there can be no assurance any such transactions will be completed.

We are a clinical research and development stage company and are likely to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future.

You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and difficulties frequently encountered by clinical research stage and developmental companies. We have incurred net losses of $277.2 million from our inception through June 30, 2020, including a net loss of $23.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 (excluding $22.9 million of non-cash expense resulting from a change in fair value of our warrant liability), a net loss of $44.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 (excluding $27.6 million of non-cash income resulting from a change in the fair value of our warrant liability), and a net loss of $30.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 (excluding a $9.7 million non-cash expense resulting from a change in the fair value of our warrant liability). We anticipate that we will incur operating losses and negative operating cash flow for the foreseeable future. We have not yet commercialized any drug candidates and cannot be sure that we will ever be able to do so, or that we may ever become profitable.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, or other pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease may materially and adversely impact our business, including our preclinical studies and clinical trials.

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In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was identified in Wuhan, China. This virus has been declared a pandemic and has spread to multiple global regions. The outbreak and government measures taken in response have also had a significant impact, both direct and indirect, on businesses and commerce, as worker shortages have occurred; supply chains have been disrupted; facilities and production have been suspended; and demand for certain goods and services, such as medical services and supplies, has spiked, while demand for other goods and services, such as travel, has fallen. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, “shelter in place” orders and other public health guidance measures have been implemented across much of the United States, Europe and Asia, including in the locations of our offices, clinical trial sites, key vendors and partners. Although some of such orders have been lifted in certain geographic locations, other areas, including California, where our headquarters is located, have experienced an increase in the number of positive cases of COVID-19 and have re-implemented restrictive public health measures. These restrictions, as well as government restrictions on travel and a lack of public confidence in the safety of air travel and the use of public transportation have reduced and may continue to reduce the willingness of patients to participate in our clinical trials and the ability of regulatory officials to perform visits of our clinical trial locations. A “second wave” of the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to even further restrictions and reduced travel. As a result, our clinical development program timelines have been and may continue to be negatively affected by COVID-19, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, due to “shelter in place” orders and other public health guidance measures, we have implemented a work-from-home policy for all staff members excluding those necessary to maintain minimum basic operations. Our increased reliance on personnel working from home may negatively impact productivity, or disrupt, delay or otherwise adversely impact our business.

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, or similar pandemics, and related “shelter in place” orders and other public health guidance measures, we have and may in the future experience disruptions that could materially and adversely impact our clinical trials, business, financial condition and results of operations. Potential disruptions include but are not limited to:

The COVID-19 pandemic and the governmental response continues to rapidly evolve. In light of the COVID-19 outbreak, the FDA has issued a number of new guidance documents. Specifically, as a result of the potential effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on many clinical trial programs in the U.S. and globally, the U.S. FDA issued guidance concerning potential impacts on clinical trial programs, changes that may be necessary to such programs if they proceed, considerations regarding trial suspensions and discontinuations, the potential need to consult with or make submissions to relevant ethics committees, IRBs, and the FDA, the use of alternative drug delivery methods, and considerations with respect the outbreak’s impacts on endpoints, data collection, study procedures, and analysis. FDA also issued guidance on additional steps that are required to maintain GMPs during the pandemic. Additionally, in March 2020, the U.S. Congress passed the CARES Act, which includes a number of provisions that are applicable to the pharmaceutical industry.

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The extent to which the outbreak impacts our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage were to experience shutdowns or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted.

In addition, the trading prices for our common stock and other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital through sales of our common stock or such sales may be on unfavorable terms.

If KKC, Helsinn or other parties with whom we collaborate on the development and commercialization of our drug candidates do not satisfy their obligations, do not otherwise pursue development or commercialization of our drug candidates or if they terminate their agreements with us, we may not be able to develop or commercialize our drug candidates.

In April 2020, we entered into an agreement with KKC to collaborate on the development, manufacturing, and commercialization of zandelisib globally. The agreement substantially retains and consolidates the terms of the 2018 agreement with KKC to develop and commercialize in Japan. In August 2016, we entered into an exclusive license, development and commercialization agreement with Helsinn to collaborate on the global development, manufacturing and commercialization of pracinostat. In July 2020, we announced the discontinuation of the Phase 3 study conducted by Helsinn with respect to the use of pracinostat for the treatment of AML, but patients currently remain enrolled in other pracinostat studies for MDS. We may enter into additional agreements to collaborate with other third parties on the development, manufacturing or commercialization of our drug candidates in the future. In connection with these agreements, we may grant certain rights regarding the use of our patents and technology. The counterparties may be responsible for development, manufacturing or commercialization of our drug candidates and the costs related thereto.

Our counterparties might not fulfill all of their obligations to us. In addition, the agreements with our counterparties provide the counterparties with substantial control of the development and commercialization of our drug candidates and discretion whether to devote resources to the full pursuit thereof. or otherwise fail to fully pursue the development and commercialization of our drug candidates Even without breaching their obligations to us, our counterparties may not devote adequate resources or otherwise pursue the development and commercialization of our drug candidates, whether as a result of their assessment of the likelihood of success of such efforts, for financial reasons or otherwise. In particular, we cannot predict the extent to which Helsinn will continue to pursue the ongoing Phase 2 study of pracinostat for the treatment of MDS. Our ability to receive revenue from our drug candidates may be dependent upon their efforts. If they fail to devote adequate resources or otherwise do not successfully develop, commercialize or manufacture our drug candidates, we may not receive the future milestone payments or royalties provided for in the agreement. In addition, under certain circumstances, including our failure to satisfy our obligations under the agreement, the counterparty may have the right to terminate the agreement.

We could also become involved in disputes with our counterparties, which could lead to delays in or termination of the agreement and time-consuming and expensive litigation or arbitration.

If our counterparties are unwilling or unable to fulfill their obligations or otherwise fail to fully pursue the development and commercialization of our drug candidates or if the agreement is terminated, we may lack sufficient resources to develop and commercialize our drug candidates on our own and may be unable to reach agreement with a suitable alternative collaborator. The failure to develop and commercialize our drug candidates would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition.

We are subject to significant obligations to Presage in connection with our license of voruciclib, and we may become subject to significant obligations in connection with future licenses we obtain, which could adversely affect the overall profitability of any products we may seek to commercialize, and such licenses of drug candidates, the development and commercialization for which we are solely responsible, may never become profitable.

In September 2017, we entered into a license agreement with Presage (“the Presage License Agreement”). Under the terms of the agreement, Presage granted us exclusive worldwide rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize voruciclib, a clinical-stage, oral and selective CDK inhibitor, and related compounds. In exchange, we paid Presage $2.9 million and are obligated for additional potential payments of up to $181 million upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones. We will also pay mid-single-digit tiered royalties on the net sales of any product successfully developed pursuant to such agreement. We are also subject to continuing payment obligations to S*Bio in connection with our acquisition of patents and patent applications relating to pracinostat in August 2012. We may enter into similar agreements in the future that require us to make significant payments upon obtainment of development, regulatory or commercial milestones. We may be obligated to make milestone or royalty payments when we do not have the cash on hand to make these payments or have available cash for our other development efforts. These milestone and royalty payments could adversely affect the overall profitability for us of any products that we may seek to commercialize. In addition, if we fail to comply with our obligations under the license agreement, the counterparty may have the right to terminate the agreement. In such a case, we would lose our rights to the intellectual property covered by the license agreement and we would not be able to develop, manufacture or commercialize our drug candidates.

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The profitability of our license agreement with Presage depends on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of voruciclib. We are solely responsible for the development and commercialization of voruciclib, including the related costs. Drug development is a long, expensive and uncertain process and delay or failure can occur at any stage of our clinical trials. We cannot be certain that we will ever receive regulatory approval for voruciclib or that it will be successfully commercialized, even if approved.

The results of pre-clinical studies and completed clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and our current drug candidates may not have favorable results in later studies or trials.

Pre-clinical studies and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials are an expensive and uncertain process that may take years to complete. Pre-clinical studies and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials are usually not primarily designed to test the efficacy of a drug candidate, but rather to test safety, to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and to understand the drug candidate’s side effects at various doses and schedules. Favorable results in early studies or trials may not be repeated in later studies or trials, including ongoing pre-clinical studies, large-scale Phase 3 clinical trials, or other studies intended as registration trials, and our drug candidates in later-stage trials may fail to show desired safety and efficacy despite having progressed through earlier-stage trials. Interim and top-line results, as well as any results from post-hoc data analyses, may also not be predictive of the final results of a clinical study and/or may not support product approval.

In July 2020, we announced the discontinuation of the Phase 3 study conducted by Helsinn with respect to the use of pracinostat for the treatment of AML because of the failure to meet the primary endpoint of the study, despite prior successful results in our earlier Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. The results of the Phase 3 pracinostat study for the treatment of AML may also impact the interpretation of the results from our pracinostat study for MDS. Moreover, comparisons of results across different studies should be viewed with caution as such comparisons are limited by a number of factors, including differences in study designs and populations. Such comparisons also will not provide a sufficient basis for any comparative claims following product approval. Unfavorable results from ongoing pre-clinical studies or clinical trials could result in delays, modifications or abandonment of ongoing or future clinical trials, or abandonment of a clinical program. Pre-clinical and clinical results are frequently susceptible to varying interpretations that may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals or commercialization. Negative or inconclusive results or adverse medical events during a clinical trial could cause a clinical trial to be delayed, repeated or terminated, or a clinical program to be abandoned.

Final approval by regulatory authorities of our drug candidates for commercial use may be delayed, limited or prevented, any of which would adversely affect our ability to generate operating revenues.

We will not generate any operating revenue until we, a licensee, or a potential collaborator successfully commercialize one of our drug candidates. Currently, we have drug candidates at different stages of development, and each will need to successfully complete certain clinical studies and obtain regulatory approval before potential commercialization. We may experience unforeseen events during product development that may substantially delay or prevent product approval. For example, the FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements or if the trial poses an unexpected serious harm to clinical trial patients. The FDA or an IRB may also impose conditions on the conduct of a clinical trial. Clinical trial sponsors may also choose to discontinue clinical trials as a result of risks to clinical trial patients, a lack of favorable results, or changing business priorities.

The pre-clinical and clinical development, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, export, marketing and distribution, and other possible activities relating to our drug candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may, either before or after product approval, subject us to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions that may negatively impact the approval of one or more of our drug candidates or otherwise negatively impact our business.

Neither collaborators, licensees nor we are permitted to market a drug candidate in the United States until the particular drug candidate is approved for marketing by the FDA. Specific pre-clinical data, chemistry, manufacturing and controls data, a proposed clinical trial protocol and other information must be submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application, and clinical trials may commence only after the IND application becomes effective. To market a new drug in the United States, we must submit to the FDA and obtain FDA approval of an NDA. An NDA must be supported by extensive clinical and pre-clinical data, as well as extensive information regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the drug candidate.

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Obtaining approval of an NDA can be a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. Regulatory approval of an NDA is not guaranteed. The number and types of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that will be required for FDA approval varies depending on the drug candidate, the disease or condition that the drug candidate is designed to target and the regulations applicable to any particular drug candidate. Despite the time and expense exerted in pre-clinical and clinical studies, failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that delay our product candidate development or that cause us to abandon clinical trials or to repeat or perform additional pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a drug candidate for many reasons, and product candidate development programs may be delayed or may not be successful for many reasons including but not limited to, the following:

Our pre-clinical and clinical data, other information and procedures relating to a drug candidate may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA or any other U.S. or foreign regulatory authority, or regulatory interpretation of these data and procedures may be unfavorable. Our efforts to take advantage of expedited regulatory pathways for serious or life-threatening illnesses, such as accelerated approval, to secure marketing authorization more quickly may not be successful. Securing accelerated approval requires demonstrating a meaningful therapeutic benefit over available existing treatments. Accelerated approvals are based upon a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. If approved, FDA will require post-marketing studies to verify clinical benefit. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit, will allow the FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. We plan to seek FDA marketing approval of zandelisib via the accelerated approval pathway, based on the results of our ongoing phase 2 clinical trial. FDA, however, may not agree that the accelerated approval pathway is appropriate, may disagree with our chosen surrogate

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endpoints, or may find that the accelerated approval criteria are not met. Should FDA disagree with our approach, we would be required to conduct additional clinical studies prior to submitting an NDA and prior to FDA granting marketing approval. Should we receive accelerated approval for zandelisib, the FDA-approved label will indicate that the clinical benefit of the product has not been established and that continued approval is contingent upon verification of a clinical benefit in confirmatory trials.

Our business and reputation may be harmed by any failure or significant delay in receiving regulatory approval for the sale of any drugs resulting from our drug candidates. As a result, we cannot predict when or whether regulatory approval will be obtained for any drug we develop. Additionally, other factors may serve to delay, limit or prevent the final approval by regulatory authorities of our drug candidates for commercial use, including, but not limited to:

Significant delays relating to any preclinical or clinical trials also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do. This may prevent us from receiving marketing approvals and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. If we experience delays in obtaining approval, if we fail to obtain approval of a product candidate or if the label for a product candidate does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate, the commercial prospects for such product candidate may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues from that product candidate will be materially impaired. Accordingly, the successful development of any of our drug candidates is uncertain and, accordingly, we may never commercialize any of these drug candidates or generate significant revenue.

The FDA may determine that our drug candidates have undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or commercialization.

Undesirable side effects caused by our drug candidates could cause us, IRBs, and other reviewing entities or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign authorities. Undesirable side effects may also result in requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance, or other requirements, including REMS, to monitor the safety or efficacy of the products. These could prevent us from commercializing and generating revenues from the sale of our drug candidates.

Many compounds that initially showed promise in clinical or earlier stage testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound. In addition, adverse events which had initially been considered unrelated to the study treatment may later be found to be caused by the study treatment. Moreover, incorrect or improper use of our drug candidates could cause unexpected side effects or adverse events. If any of our drug candidates is associated with serious adverse events or undesirable side effects or have properties that are unexpected, we may need to abandon development or limit development of that drug candidate to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. The therapeutic-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrolment of patients in clinical trials, our completion of clinical trials and receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate or continue conducting clinical trials for our drug candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Competitors may also have ongoing clinical trials for drug candidates that are intended to treat the same indications as our drug candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ drug candidates. Patient enrollment is affected by other factors including:

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Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. In particular, there may be low or slow enrollment, and the studies may enroll subjects that do not meet the inclusion criteria, requiring the erroneously enrolled subjects to be excluded and the trial population to be increased. Moreover, patients in our clinical trials may be at risk for dropping out of our studies if they are not experiencing relief of their disease. A significant number of withdrawn patients would compromise the quality of our data.

Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our drug candidates, or the inability to complete development of our drug candidates, which would cause the value of our company to decline, limit our ability to obtain additional financing, and materially impair our ability to generate revenues.

Changes in drug candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As drug candidates are developed through preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials toward approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods, manufacturing sites, and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results. Any of these changes could cause our drug candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. Such changes may also require additional testing, FDA notification, or FDA approval. Any of the foregoing could limit our future revenues and growth.

Changes in funding for the FDA and other government agencies or future government shutdowns could cause delays in the submission and regulatory review of marketing applications, which could negatively impact our business or prospects.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept submission, applications, and the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, including for 35 days beginning on December 22, 2018, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs or if agency operations are otherwise impacted, it could significantly affect the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or prospects.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent us from marketing our products internationally.

We intend to have our drug candidates marketed outside the United States. In order to market our products in many non-U.S. jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. To date, we have not filed for marketing approval for any of our drug candidates and may not receive the approvals necessary to commercialize our drug candidates in any market.

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The approval procedure varies among countries and may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. Further, the time required to obtain foreign regulatory approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval, and additional pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, other testing and data review may be required. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Additionally, approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory agencies in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory agencies in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in other jurisdictions, including approval by the FDA. The failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions could limit commercialization of our products, reduce our ability to generate profits and harm our business.

Any designation granted by the FDA for any of our product candidates may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval. We may also not be able to obtain or maintain any such designation.

We currently hold an FDA Fast Track Designation for zandelisib for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma who have received at least two prior systemic therapies. Previously, in August 2016, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation to pracinostat for the treatment of AML. However, in July 2020, we announced the discontinuation of the Phase 3 clinical trial of pracinostat, conducted by Helsinn, for the treatment of AML. As described in the Government Regulation section of this Annual Report, there are a number of FDA programs that are intended to speed the development of drugs that are intended to treat serious diseases and conditions when there is an unmet need, including Fast Track and Break Through Therapy Designation. Receipt of such designations is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our drug candidates meets the criteria for a designation, the FDA may disagree. If we receive any designation, the potential reduced timelines associated with designation may introduce significant chemistry, manufacturing and controls challenges for product development as manufacturing development may need to take place at a faster pace than would otherwise be required because the FDA will expect that properly qualified and manufactured product be available at the time of product approval. In any event, the receipt of a designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even after granting a Breakthrough Therapy Designation, the FDA may later decide that such product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification and rescind such designations.

Any orphan drug designations we receive may not confer marketing exclusivity or other benefits.

In the United States, under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition. Such diseases and conditions are those that affect fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or if they affect more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug available in the United States for these types of diseases or conditions will be recovered from sales of the drug. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. If the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by that agency. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process, but it can lead to financial incentives, such as opportunities for grant funding toward clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. The EMA also has a program for orphan drugs.

There is no guarantee that a drug candidate will receive orphan drug designation. There is also no guarantee that we would be able to maintain any designations that we receive. For instance, orphan drug designation in the U.S. or EU may be revoked for a number of reasons. If a drug that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the drug is entitled to orphan drug marketing exclusivity for a period of seven years. Orphan drug marketing exclusivity generally prevents the FDA from approving another application, including a full NDA, to market the same drug or biological product for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, including if the FDA concludes that the later drug is safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. For purposes of small molecule drugs, the FDA defines “same drug” as a drug that contains the same active moiety and is intended for the same use as the drug in question. We may not be able to obtain future orphan drug designations that we may apply for or maintain any orphan drug designations that we may receive. A designated orphan drug also may not receive orphan drug marketing exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation or if it is deemed to be the same drug as a previously approved drug and cannot demonstrate clinical superiority. Similarly, in the EMA, orphan drugs can receive an exclusivity period of ten years, but can be reduced to six years if the drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. By example, we received FDA and EMA orphan drug designation for pracinostat for the treatment of AML. However, in July 2020, we announced the discontinuation of the Phase 3 clinical trial of pracinostat, conducted by Helsinn, for the treatment of AML.

Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Orphan drug exclusivity also may not protect a product from competition. For instance, the FDA may approve a drug that is the same drug with orphan exclusivity for a different indication or a different drug for the same indication as the orphan product. Even after an orphan product is approved, the FDA can also subsequently approve a product containing the same principal molecular

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features for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the latter product is clinically superior. The FDA may further grant orphan designation to multiple sponsors for the same compound or active molecule and for the same indication. If another sponsor receives FDA approval for such product before we do, we would be prevented from launching our product in the United States for the orphan indication for a period of at least seven years unless we can demonstrate clinical superiority.

Even if we or our licensees receive regulatory approval to commercialize our drug candidates, our ability to generate revenues from any resulting products will be subject to a variety of risks, many of which are out of our control.

Even if our drug candidates obtain regulatory approval, resulting products may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers or the medical community. We believe that the degree of market acceptance and our ability to generate revenues from such products will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

If any of our drugs are approved and fail to achieve market acceptance, we may not be able to generate significant revenue to achieve or sustain profitability.

If any products we develop become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, our ability to successfully commercialize our products will be impaired.

Our future revenues, profitability and access to capital will be affected by the continuing efforts of governmental and private third-party payers to manage, contain or reduce the costs of health care through various means, such as capping prices, limiting price increases, reducing reimbursement, and requiring rebates. We are also unsure of the impact that the potential repeal of health care reform legislation or other changes in healthcare policy resulting from executive orders or court decisions may have on our business or what actions federal, state, foreign and private payers may take or reforms that may be implemented in the future. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the effect of any potential reform on our business. Our ability to commercialize our drug candidates successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which reimbursement for the cost of such drug candidates and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States, private health insurers and other organizations. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved health care products, particularly for indications for which there is no current effective treatment or for which medical care typically is not sought. Adequate third-party coverage may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in research and development. If adequate coverage and reimbursement levels are not provided by government and third-party payers for use of our products, our products may fail to achieve market acceptance without a substantial reduction in price or at all and our results of operations will be harmed.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which have resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted bills by Congress and the states designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. In addition, the United States government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs, including price-controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs to limit the growth of government paid health care costs. For example, the United States government has passed legislation requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide rebates and discounts to certain entities and governmental payors to participate in federal healthcare programs. Further, Congress and the current administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs, and the current administration has released a “Blueprint”, or plan, to reduce the cost of drugs. The current administration’s Blueprint contains certain measures that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is already working to implement. The upcoming presidential and congressional elections may lead to changes in the composition of the presidential administration and Congress, resulting in additional policy changes. Individual states in the United States have also been increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Our drug candidates are subject to ongoing government regulation both before and after regulatory approval.

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Both before and after regulatory approval, our drug candidates are subject to strict and ongoing regulation. Compliance with such regulations may consume substantial financial and management resources and expose us and our collaborators to the potential for other adverse circumstances. For example, a regulatory authority can place restrictions on the sale or marketing of a drug in order to manage the risks identified during initial clinical trials or after the drug is on the market. A regulatory authority can condition the approval for a drug on costly post-marketing follow-up studies. Based on these studies, if a regulatory authority does not believe that the drug demonstrates a clinical benefit to patients or an acceptable safety profile, it could limit the indications for which a drug may be sold or revoke the drug’s marketing approval. In addition, identification of certain side effects either during clinical trials or after a drug is on the market may result in reformulation of a drug, additional pre-clinical and clinical trials, labeling changes, termination of ongoing clinical trials or withdrawal of approval. Any of these events could delay or prevent us from generating revenue from the commercialization of these drugs and cause us to incur significant additional costs.

Compliance with the applicable regulatory requirements may result in significant expenses and we and our third-party contractors and collaborators may be subject to unannounced FDA and other regulatory authority inspections. Any failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements or problems with our drug candidates may result in regulatory enforcement or other actions, including:

Non-compliance with any foreign jurisdictions’ requirements, including requirements regarding the protection of personal information, can also lead to significant penalties and sanctions.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining regulatory product approval and market acceptance of the particular drug candidate, if approved, or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of developing and commercializing such product, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenues from its sale.

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Other changes may also impact the approvability or marketability of our drug candidates, including changes in law, government regulation, or changes in medical practice or standard of care. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements, standards of care, or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and be subject to regulatory enforcement action. Should any of the above actions take place, they could adversely affect our ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

We may not be able to establish the contractual arrangements necessary to develop, market and distribute our drug candidates.

A key part of our strategy is to establish contractual relationships with third parties to package, market and distribute our drug candidates. There is no assurance that we will be able to negotiate commercially acceptable licensing or other agreements for the future exploitation of our drug candidates, including continued clinical development, manufacture or marketing. If we are unable to successfully contract for these services, or if arrangements for these services are terminated, we may have to delay our commercialization program which will adversely affect our ability to generate operating revenues.

Our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated if competitors develop and market products that are more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than our drug candidates.

The development of drug candidates is highly competitive. A number of other companies have products or drug candidates that have either been approved or are in various stages of pre-clinical or clinical development that are intended for the same therapeutic indications for which our drug candidates are being developed. Some of these potential competing drug candidates are further advanced in development than our drug candidates and may be commercialized sooner. Even if we are successful in developing effective drugs, our compounds may not compete successfully with products produced by our competitors.

Our competitors include pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies, as well as universities and public and private research institutions. In addition, companies active in different but related fields represent substantial competition for us. Many of our competitors developing oncology drugs have significantly greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities and greater experience in drug development, regulation, manufacturing and marketing than we do. These organizations also compete with us and our service providers, to recruit qualified personnel, and with us to attract partners for joint ventures and to license technologies that are competitive with us. As a result, our competitors may be able to more easily develop technologies and products that would render our technologies or our drug candidates obsolete or non-competitive.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and pre-clinical studies. If those parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, our drug candidates may not advance in a timely manner or at all.

In the course of our pre-clinical testing and clinical trials, we rely on third parties, including laboratories, investigators, clinical contract research organizations (“CROs”), manufacturers, and distributors to perform critical services for us. For example, we rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and many of our pre-clinical studies, which are required to be conducted consistent with regulations on Good Laboratory Practice. CROs and study sites are responsible for many aspects of the trials, including finding and enrolling subjects for testing and administering the trials. Although we rely on these third parties to conduct our pre-clinical and clinical trials, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and that the integrity of the studies and resulting data is protected. While we have agreements governing the activities of such third parties, we have limited influence and control over their actual performance and activities. Moreover, the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities require us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as GCPs, for conducting, monitoring, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate, and that the trial subjects are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. These third parties may not be available when we need them or, if they are available, may not devote sufficient time or resources to our studies, may not comply with all regulatory and contractual requirements, or may not otherwise perform their services in a timely or acceptable manner, and we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties and our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated. These independent third parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. In addition, if such third parties fail to perform their obligations in compliance with our protocols or the applicable regulatory requirements, our trials may not meet regulatory requirements or may need to be repeated, we may not receive marketing approvals, or we or such third parties may face regulatory enforcement.

Agreements with third parties conducting or otherwise assisting with our clinical or preclinical studies might terminate for a variety of reasons, including a failure to perform by the third parties. If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative providers or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional third parties involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new third party commences work. As a result, if we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it could delay our product development activities and adversely affect our business. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects, and results of operations.

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Accordingly, as a result of our dependence on third parties, we may face delays, failures or cost increases outside of our direct control. These risks also apply to the development activities of collaborators, and we do not control their research and development, clinical trial or regulatory activities.

In addition, we will be required to report certain financial interests of our third-party investigators if these relationships exceed certain financial thresholds or meet other criteria. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may question the integrity of the data from those clinical trials conducted by investigators who may have conflicts of interest.

We also cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our trials complies with the applicable regulatory requirements. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with drug candidates that were produced under cGMP conditions. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. We also are required to register certain clinical trials and post the results of certain completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within specified timeframes. Failure to do so can result in enforcement actions and adverse publicity.

We will depend on third party suppliers and contract manufacturers for the manufacturing of our drug candidates and have no direct control over the cost of manufacturing our drug candidates. Increases in the cost of manufacturing our drug candidates would increase our costs of conducting clinical trials and could adversely affect our future profitability.

We do not intend to manufacture our drug candidates ourselves, and we will rely on third parties for our drug supplies both for clinical trials and for commercial quantities in the future. We have taken the strategic decision not to manufacture active pharmaceutical ingredients (“API”) for our drug candidates, as these can be more economically supplied by third parties with particular expertise in this area. We have identified contract facilities that are registered with the FDA, have a track record of large- scale API manufacture, and have already invested in capital and equipment. We have no direct control over the manufacturing of our drug candidates, or the cost thereof. If the contract manufacturers are unable to produce sufficient quantities of our drug candidates, as a result of a lack of available materials or otherwise, our ability to complete product candidate development and our future profitability would be adversely affected. If the cost of manufacturing increases, or if the cost of the materials used increases, these costs will be passed on to us, making the cost of conducting clinical trials more expensive. Increases in manufacturing costs could adversely affect our future profitability if we are unable to pass all of the increased costs along to our customers.

If these third-party manufacturers do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or manufacture our drug candidates in accordance with regulatory requirements, if there are disagreements between us and such parties, or if such parties are unable to expand capacities to support commercialization of any of our drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval, we may not be able to produce, or may be delayed in producing sufficient drug candidates to meet our supply requirements. Any delays in obtaining adequate supplies with respect to our drug candidates and components may delay the development or commercialization of our drug candidates.

Further, we, along with our contract manufacturers, are required to comply with FDA requirements for cGMPs, related to product testing, quality assurance, manufacturing and documentation. Our contract manufacturers may not be able to comply with the applicable FDA regulatory requirements, which could result in delays to our product development programs, could result in adverse regulatory actions against them or us, and could prevent us from ultimately receiving product marketing approval. They also generally must pass an FDA preapproval inspection for conformity with cGMPs before we can obtain approval to manufacture our drug candidates and will be subject to ongoing, periodic, unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMP, and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. If we and our contract manufacturers fail to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards in compliance with cGMP, we may experience manufacturing errors resulting in defective products that could be harmful to patients, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or interruptions of production or failures in product testing or delivery, clinical trial or other development program delays, delay or prevention of filing or approval of marketing applications for our products, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously harm our business. Not complying with FDA requirements could result in a product recall, costly and time-consuming corrective or preventative actions, or prevent commercialization of our drug candidates and delay our business development activities. In addition, such failure could be the basis for the FDA to issue a warning or untitled letter or take other regulatory or legal enforcement action, including recall or seizure, total or partial suspension of production, suspension of ongoing clinical trials, refusal to approve pending applications or supplemental applications, and potentially civil and/or criminal penalties depending on the matter.

If we need to replace any of our manufacturers or establish additional manufacturing arrangements, we may not succeed in our efforts. Our drug candidates may compete with other products and drug candidates for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that are both capable of manufacturing for us and willing to do so. If our existing third-party manufacturers, or the third parties that we engage in the future to manufacture a product or component for commercial sale or for our clinical trials should cease to continue to do so for any reason, we likely would experience delays in obtaining sufficient quantities of our drug candidates for us to meet commercial demand or to advance our clinical trials while we identify and qualify replacement suppliers. These third-party facilities may also be affected by natural disasters, such as floods or fire, or such facilities could face manufacturing issues, such as contamination or regulatory findings following a regulatory inspection of such facility. In such instances, we may need to locate an appropriate replacement third-party relationship, which may not be readily available or on acceptable terms, which would cause additional delay and

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increased expense. The addition of a new or alternative manufacturer may also require FDA approvals and may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We or our third-party manufacturers may also encounter shortages in the raw materials, therapeutic substances, or active pharmaceutical ingredients necessary to produce our drug candidates in the quantities needed for our clinical trials or, if our drug candidates are approved, in sufficient quantities for commercialization or to meet an increase in demand. Such shortages may occur for a variety of reasons, including capacity constraints, delays or disruptions in the market, and shortages caused by the purchase of such materials by our competitors or others. Our or our third-party manufacturers’ failure to obtain the raw materials, therapeutic substances, or active pharmaceutical ingredients necessary to manufacture sufficient quantities of our drug candidates may have a material adverse effect on our business. If for any reason we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of our drug candidates or the components used to manufacture them, it will be more difficult for us to develop our drug candidates and compete effectively.

Our business strategy may include entry into additional collaborative or license agreements. We may not be able to enter into collaborative or license agreements or may not be able to negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements.

Our current business strategy may include the entry into additional collaborative or license agreements for the development and commercialization of our drug and drug candidates. The negotiation and consummation of these types of agreements typically involve simultaneous discussions with multiple potential collaborators or licensees and require significant time and resources. In addition, in attracting the attention of pharmaceutical and biotechnology company collaborators or licensees, we compete with numerous other third parties with product opportunities as well as the collaborators’ or licensees’ own internal product opportunities. We may not be able to consummate collaborative or license agreements, or we may not be able to negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements.

If we do enter into such arrangements, we could be dependent upon the subsequent success of these other parties in performing their respective responsibilities and the cooperation of our partners. Our collaborators may not cooperate with us or perform their obligations under our agreements with them. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to researching our product candidates pursuant to our collaborative agreements with them or whether our collaborators will comply with the applicable regulatory requirements. Our collaborators may choose to pursue existing or alternative technologies in preference to those being developed in collaboration with us.

Under agreements with any collaborators or licensees we may work with in the future, we may rely significantly on them to, among other activities:

If we do not consummate collaborative or license agreements, we may use our financial resources more rapidly on our drug development efforts, continue to defer certain development activities or forego the exploitation of certain geographic territories, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects. Further, we may not be successful in overseeing any such collaborative arrangements. If we fail to establish and maintain necessary collaborative or license relationships, our business prospects could suffer.

Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of drug candidates in the most efficient manner, or at all. If any collaborations we might enter into do not result in the successful development and commercialization of drug candidates or if one of our collaborators subsequently terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under the agreements, our development of our drug candidates could be delayed, and we may need additional resources to develop our drug candidates and our product platform. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this Annual Report also apply to the activities of our collaborators.

We rely on acquisitions or licenses from third parties to expand our pipeline of drug candidates.

We are not presently engaged in drug discovery activities. In order to expand our pipeline of drug candidates for future development, we may need to purchase or in-license any such drug candidates. The success of this strategy depends in large part on the combination of our regulatory and development capabilities and expertise and our ability to identify, select and acquire or in-license clinically-enabled product candidates on terms that are acceptable to us. Identifying, selecting and acquiring or in-licensing promising product candidates requires substantial technical expertise, and we have limited experience in identifying and integrating any acquired product candidates into our current infrastructure. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual acquisition or in-license of a particular drug candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management’s time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. If we are unable to identify, select and acquire or license suitable product candidates from third parties on terms acceptable to us, our business and prospects may be limited.

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We face a risk of product liability claims and claims may exceed our insurance limits.

Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. This risk is inherent in the manufacturing, testing and marketing of human therapeutic products. Moreover, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims can have other adverse consequences, including:

Our product liability insurance coverage is subject to deductibles and coverage limitations. We may not be able to obtain or maintain adequate protection against potential liabilities, or claims may exceed our insurance limits. If we cannot or do not sufficiently insure against potential product liability claims, we may be exposed to significant liabilities, which may materially and adversely affect our business development and commercialization efforts.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, principal investigators, or CROs may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, manufacturers, investigators, or CROs could include intentional, reckless, negligent, or unintentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, comply with applicable fraud and abuse laws, provide accurate information to the FDA, properly calculate pricing information required by federal programs, comply with federal procurement rules or contract terms, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. This misconduct could also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter this type of misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. Moreover, it is possible for a whistleblower to pursue a False Claims Act, (“FCA”), case against us even if the government considers the claim unmeritorious and declines to intervene, which could require us to incur costs defending against such a claim. Further, due to the risk that a judgment in an FCA case could result in exclusion from federal health programs or debarment from government contracts, whistleblower cases often result in large settlements. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.

Our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug candidate development and, if such drug candidates are approved commercialization programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of personal, confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and regulatory enforcement actions, and the further development of any of our drug candidates could be delayed.

Our efforts will be seriously jeopardized if we are unable to retain and attract key employees.

Our success depends on the continued contributions of our principal management, development and scientific personnel. We face competition for such personnel, and we believe that risks and uncertainties related to our business, including the timing and risk associated with research and development, our available and anticipated cash resources, and the volatility of our stock price, may

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impact our ability to hire and retain key and other personnel. The loss of services of our Chief Executive Officer or other key employees could adversely impact our operations and ability to generate or raise additional capital.

Negative U.S. and global economic conditions may pose challenges to our business strategy, which relies on funding from the financial markets or collaborators.

Negative conditions in the U.S. or global economy, including financial markets, may adversely affect our business and the business of current and prospective vendors, licensees and collaborators, and others with whom we do or may conduct business. The duration and severity of these conditions is uncertain. If negative economic conditions occur, we may be unable to secure funding on terms satisfactory to us to sustain our operations or to find suitable collaborators to advance our internal programs, even if we achieve positive results from our drug development programs.

Laws, rules and regulations relating to public companies may be costly and impact our ability to attract and retain directors and executive officers.

Laws and regulations affecting public companies, including rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and by the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (“NASDAQ”), may result in increased costs to us. These laws, rules and regulations could make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, on our board committees or as executive officers. We cannot estimate accurately the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these laws, rules and regulations.

If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which would adversely affect our operating results, our ability to operate our business, and our stock price, and could result in litigation or similar actions.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Failure on our part to have effective internal financial and accounting controls would cause our financial reporting to be unreliable, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to fall dramatically. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company will be detected.

We cannot be certain that the actions we have taken to ensure we have adequate internal controls over financial reporting will be sufficient. In future periods, if the process required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act reveals any material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, the correction of any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies could require remedial measures which could be costly and time-consuming. In addition, in such a case, we may be unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis. Any associated accounting restatement could create a significant strain on our internal resources and cause delays in our release of quarterly or annual financial results and the filing of related reports, increase our costs and cause management distraction. Any of the foregoing could cause investors to lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and make it more difficult for us to finance our operations and growth.

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our suppliers, as well as personally identifiable information of clinical trial participants and employees. Similarly, our third-party providers possess certain of our sensitive protected health data. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Attacks of this nature are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent these events from occurring, and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated, and such systems, controls and processes may not be successful in preventing a breach. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. We could be required to expend significant amounts of money and other resources to repair or replace information systems or networks. In addition, our liability insurance may not be sufficient in type or amount to cover us against claims related to security breaches, cyberattacks and other related breaches.

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The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business, including compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and recently enacted laws in a majority of states requiring security breach notification. The collection and use of personal health data of individuals in the European Union is also governed by strict data protection laws. In addition to existing laws, since May 25, 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) has imposed new obligations with respect to European Union data and substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules. It will increase our responsibility and potential liability in relation to personal data that we process, and we will be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the new European Union data protection rules. There is significant uncertainty related to the manner in which data protection authorities will seek to enforce compliance with GDPR. For example, it is not clear if the authorities will conduct random audits of companies doing business in the European Union, or if the authorities will wait for complaints to be filed by individuals who claim their rights have been violated. Enforcement uncertainty and the costs associated with ensuring GDPR compliance may be onerous and adversely affect our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition.

We are in the process of assessing the “Schrems II” decision issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union on July 16, 2020, and its impact on our data transfer mechanisms. The Court invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework as a legal basis for the transfer of personal data from the European Economic Area (“EEA”) member states or the U.K. to the U.S. The Court also expressed uncertainty under which conditions data importers and exporters could use the EC’s Standard Contractual Clauses option under the GDPR as a method for transferring personal data outside of the EEA. Present solutions to legitimize transfers of personal data from the EEA may be challenged or deemed insufficient. We may, in addition to other impacts, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens, and we and our customers face the potential for regulators in the EEA or U.K. to apply different standards to the transfer of personal data from the EEA/ U.K. to the U.S., and to block, or require ad hoc verification of measures taken with respect to, certain data flows from the EEA or U.K. to the U.S. We also may be required to engage in new contract negotiations with third parties that aid in processing data on our behalf. We may experience reluctance or refusal by current or prospective European clinical trial sites and CROs to use our products, and we may find it necessary or desirable to make further changes to our processing of personal data of EEA or U.K. data subjects.

Additionally, California recently enacted legislation that has been dubbed the first “GDPR-like” law in the United States. Known as the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), it creates new individual privacy rights for consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. Since January 1, 2020, the CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information, and allow for a new cause of action for data breaches. The CCPA may significantly impact our business activities and require substantial compliance costs that adversely affect business, operating results, prospects and financial condition.

Thus, any access, disclosure or other loss of information, including our data being breached at our partners or third-party providers, could result in legal claims or proceedings and liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, disrupt our operations and damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our business.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and may also produce hazardous waste. Even if we contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and waste, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or disposal of our hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

We maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, but this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. However, we do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. In addition, failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by natural disasters and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Events outside of our control, including natural disasters and public health emergencies, could severely disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition. If a natural disaster, or public health emergency such as COVID-19, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from conducting our clinical trials, including by damaging our critical infrastructure, such as third-party facilities, or that otherwise disrupted operations and travel, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and

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business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Limitations on the deductibility of net operating losses could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We have a history of net operating losses. In December 2017, the U.S government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act limits the deduction of net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income, however, as a result of the CARES Act, the 80% limitation was temporarily repealed until our fiscal year ending June 30, 2021. The limitations on the net operating loss deduction, as well other changes in tax policy, may subject us to additional taxation, adversely affecting our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property

Our commercial success is dependent, in part, on obtaining and maintaining patent protection and preserving trade secrets, which cannot be guaranteed.

Patent protection and trade secret protection are important to our business and our future will depend, in part on our ability to maintain trade secret protection, obtain patents and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others both in the United States and abroad. Litigation or other legal proceedings may be necessary to defend against claims of infringement, to enforce our patents or to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. In August 2012, we acquired patents and patent applications related to pracinostat from S*Bio. In September 2013, we acquired patents and patent applications related to zandelisib from Pathway Therapeutics, Inc. In September 2017, we acquired patents and patent applications related to voruciclib from Presage. In 2011 we acquired both issued patents and pending patent applications related to ME-344 from Novogen in relation to our Isoflavone-based compounds, which we previously licensed from Novogen. Additionally, Novogen had previously applied for patents in a number of countries with respect to the use of their isoflavone compounds, including ME-344. The patent applications may not proceed to grant or may be amended to reduce the scope of protection of any patent granted. The applications and patents may also be opposed or challenged by third parties. Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain effective patent protection for our compounds and their use in treating, preventing, or curing cancer, and to successfully defend patent rights in those technologies against third-party challenges. As patent applications in the United States are maintained in secrecy until published or issued and as publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we or Presage were the first to make the inventions covered by the pending patent applications or issued patents referred to above or that we or they were the first to file patent applications for such inventions. Additionally, the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology and pharmaceutical patents or their enforceability cannot be predicted. We cannot be sure that, should any patents issue, we will be provided with adequate protection against potentially competitive products. Furthermore, we cannot be sure that should patents issue, they will be of commercial value to us, or that private parties, including competitors, will not successfully challenge our patents or circumvent our patent position in the United States or abroad.

Claims by other companies that we infringe on their proprietary technology may result in liability for damages or stop our development and commercialization efforts.

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, and patents have been applied for by, and issued to, other parties relating to products competitive with the compounds that we have acquired. Therefore, zandelisib, voruciclib, ME-344 and pracinostat, and any other drug candidates, may give rise to claims that they infringe the patents or proprietary rights of other parties existing now and in the future.

Furthermore, to the extent that we or our consultants or research collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in work performed for us, disputes may also arise as to the rights in such intellectual property or in resulting know-how and inventions. An adverse claim could subject us to significant liabilities to such other parties and/or require disputed rights to be licensed from such other parties.

We have contracted formulation development and manufacturing process development work for our product candidates. This process has identified a number of excipients, or additives to improve drug delivery, which may be used in the formulations. Excipients, among other things, perform the function of a carrier of the active drug ingredient. Some of these identified excipients or carriers may be included in third party patents in some countries. We intend to seek a license if we decide to use a patented excipient in the marketed product or we may choose one of those excipients that does not have a license requirement.

We cannot be sure that any license required under any such patents or proprietary rights would be made available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we do not obtain such licenses, we may encounter delays in product market introductions, or may find that the development, manufacture or sale of products requiring such licenses may be precluded.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

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Many of our employees and the employees of Helsinn, KKC and third parties upon which we rely to conduct our clinical trials were previously employed at universities or at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, some of which may be competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements, or similar agreements, in connection with such previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel or sustain damages. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to commercialize our technology or products. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while we typically require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, which may result in claims by or against us related to the ownership of such intellectual property. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our senior management and scientific personnel.

We may be subject to substantial costs stemming from our defense against third-party intellectual property infringement claims.

Third parties may assert that we are using their proprietary information without authorization. Third parties may also have or obtain patents and may claim that technologies licensed to or used by us infringe their patents. If we are required to defend patent infringement actions brought by third parties, or if we sue to protect our own patent rights, we may be required to pay substantial litigation costs and managerial attention may be diverted from business operations even if the outcome is not adverse to us. In addition, any legal action that seeks damages or an injunction to stop us from carrying on our commercial activities relating to the affected technologies could subject us to monetary liability and require us or any third party licensors to obtain a license to continue to use the affected technologies. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any of these types of actions or that any required license would be made available on commercially acceptable terms or at all.

Risks Related to Securities Markets and Investment in our Stock

The trading price of the shares of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile and could decline in value and we may incur significant costs from class action litigation.

The trading price of our common stock could be highly volatile in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the following:

Equity markets in general, and the market for biotechnology and life sciences companies in particular, have experienced substantial price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies traded in those markets. In addition, changes in economic conditions in the U.S., the Europe or globally, particularly in the context of current global events, could impact upon our ability to grow profitably. Adverse economic changes are outside our control and may result in material adverse impacts on our business or our results of operations. These broad market and industry factors may materially affect the market price of shares of our common stock, regardless of our development and operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against that company. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources.

Future sales of our common stock, including common stock issued upon exercise of outstanding warrants or options, may depress the market price of our common stock and cause stockholders to experience dilution.

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The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including upon exercise of outstanding warrants or stock options, and any subsequent sales of such shares. As of June 30, 2020, we had outstanding warrants issued in our May 2018 private placement exercisable to purchase 16,061,602 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.54 per share, which expire in May 2023. We also had outstanding options to purchase 11,252,976 shares of common stock. We may seek additional capital through one or more additional equity transactions in the future; however, such transactions will be subject to market conditions and there can be no assurance any such transactions will be completed. If we sell shares in the future, the prices at which we sell these future shares will vary, and these variations may be significant. Stockholders will experience significant dilution if we sell these future shares at prices significantly below the price at which such previous stockholders invested.

Because we do not intend to pay, and have not paid, any cash dividends on our shares of common stock, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless the value of our common stock appreciates and they sell their shares.

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we intend to retain any future earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Therefore, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their investment unless the value of our common stock appreciates and they sell their shares.

We will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from any exercise of outstanding warrants and options.

We will have broad discretion to use the net proceeds to us upon any exercise of outstanding warrants and options, and investors in our stock will be relying on the judgment of our board of directors and management regarding the application of these proceeds. Although we expect to use a substantial portion of the net proceeds from any exercise of the warrants and options for general corporate purposes and progression of our clinical trial programs, we have not allocated these net proceeds for specific purposes.

We are authorized to issue blank check preferred stock, which could adversely affect the holders of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation allows us to issue blank check preferred stock with rights potentially senior to those of our common stock without any further vote or action by the holders of our common stock. The issuance of a class of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to the holders of our common stock or could adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of such holders. In certain circumstances, such issuance could have the effect of decreasing the market price of our shares, or making a change in control of the Company more difficult.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and third amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and third amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. These provisions include:

Our third amended and restated bylaws require, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and, if brought outside of Delaware, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel, which may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders.

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Our third amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, its directors, officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, its directors, officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine, and, if brought outside of Delaware, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel, provided, however, that, in each case, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the forum for such action shall be another state court located within the State of Delaware or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware, in all cases subject to the court having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Company shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to such provisions.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the forum selection provision of our third amended and restated bylaws will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the federal securities laws or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the sole and exclusive forum.

This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our third amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our executive officers and directors may sell shares of their stock, and these sales could adversely affect our stock price.

Sales of our stock by our executive officers and directors, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or could make it more difficult for us to raise funds through the sale of equity in the future, either as part, or outside, of trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

We have leased approximately 32,800 square feet of office space in San Diego, California. The contractual lease term begins in July 2020 and will expire in March 2028. The average annual lease payments over the term of the lease will approximate $1.5 million, plus a pro rata share of certain building expenses. Our total contractual obligation over the term of the lease is approximately $11.5 million.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

On August 10, 2020, an individual who allegedly purchased 50 shares of our common stock filed a putative securities class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California against the Company, Daniel P. Gold, and Brian G. Drazba, asserting claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. The plaintiff seeks to sue on behalf of all purchasers of our securities from August 2, 2017 through July 1, 2020 and alleges, among other things, that we made false and misleading statements relating to pracinostat during the proposed class period. We believe that the claims are without merit, as to both the facts and the law, and intend to vigorously defend the case.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “MEIP”.

Holders

As of September 4, 2020, there were 112,522,001 shares of our common stock outstanding and 694 holders of record of our common stock. This number was derived from our stockholder records and does not include beneficial owners of our common stock whose shares are held in the name of various dealers, clearing agencies, banks, brokers and other fiduciaries.

For a discussion of outstanding warrants and other securities exercisable for or convertible into shares of our common stock, see Notes 8 and 9 under Item 8 in this Annual Report.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to support operations and finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors.

Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans

The table below shows, as of June 30, 2020, information for equity compensation plans previously approved by stockholders and for compensation plans not previously approved by stockholders.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following Selected Financial Data should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included below in this Annual Report. The following table presents our selected historical condensed financial data. The condensed statements of operations data for fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018 and the condensed balance sheet data as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 are derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The condensed statements of operations data for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 and the condensed balance sheet data as of June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our audited financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included below in this Annual Report. Operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future periods.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors including, but not limited to, those set forth under “Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. included above in this Annual Report. All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report are based on the information available to us as of the time we file this Annual Report, and except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a late-stage pharmaceutical company focused on leveraging our extensive development and oncology expertise to identify and advance new therapies intended to meaningfully improve the treatment of cancer. Our portfolio of drug candidates contains four clinical-stage candidates, including zandelisib, currently in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial that we intend to submit to the FDA to support accelerated approval of a marketing application. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “MEIP.”

Clinical Development Programs

Our approach to building our pipeline is to license promising cancer agents and build value in programs through development, commercialization and strategic partnerships, as appropriate. Our drug candidate pipeline includes:

Recent Developments

In April 2020, we entered a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with KKC (the “KKC Commercialization Agreement”). We granted to KKC a co-exclusive, sublicensable, payment-bearing license under certain patents and know-how controlled by us to develop and commercialize zandelisib and any pharmaceutical product containing zandelisib for all human indications in the U.S., and an exclusive (subject to certain retained rights to perform obligations under the Agreement), sublicensable, payment-bearing, license under certain patents and know-how controlled by us to develop and commercialize zandelisib and any pharmaceutical product containing zandelisib for all human indications in countries outside of the United States (the “Ex-U.S.”). KKC grants to us a co-exclusive, sublicensable, license under certain patents and know-how controlled by KKC to develop and commercialize zandelisib for all human indications in the U.S., and a co-exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-free, fully paid license under certain patents and know-how controlled by KKC to perform our obligations in the Ex-U.S. under the KKC Commercialization Agreement. The KKC Commercialization Agreement substantially retains and consolidates the terms of the 2018 license agreement with KKC to develop and commercialize zandelisib in Japan.

KKC will be responsible for the development and commercialization of zandelisib in the Ex-US and, subject to certain exceptions, will be solely responsible for all costs related thereto. We and KKC will co-develop and co-promote zandelisib in the U.S., with us recording all revenue from U.S. sales. We and KKC will share U.S. profits and costs (including development costs) on a 50-50 basis. We will also provide to KKC certain drug supplies necessary for the development and commercialization of zandelisib in the Ex-U.S. pursuant to supply agreements to be entered into on customary terms, with the understanding that KKC will assume responsibility for manufacturing for the Ex-U.S as soon as practicable.

Under the terms of the KKC Commercialization Agreement, KKC paid us an upfront payment of $100 million in May 2020. Of the $100 million paid by KKC, $20.4 million was remitted to the Japanese taxing authorities as a result of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service being closed due to the COVID pandemic, and therefore being unable to provide necessary documentation to support an exemption from the required foreign withholding. We may also earn up to approximately $582.5 million in potential development, regulatory and commercialization milestone payments, plus royalties on net sales of zandelisib in the Ex-U.S., which are tiered beginning in the teens.

A Phase 3 study evaluating pracinostat in combination with azacitidine in patients with AML who are unfit to receive standard intensive chemotherapy was discontinued by Helsinn in July 2020 after an interim futility analysis undertaken by the study Independent Data Monitoring Committee demonstrated it was unlikely to meet the primary endpoint of overall survival compared to the control group. Following the discontinuation of the Phase 3 AML study, Helsinn communicated to us their plan to continue therapy and observation of the patients currently in the Phase 2 MDS study and that further development of pracinostat, including for the treatment of MDS, is under review.

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For a more complete discussion of our business, see the section of this Annual Report “Item 1- Business” above.

Equity Transactions

Underwritten Registered Offering

In December 2019, we completed an underwritten registered offering of 32,343,750 shares of common stock at a price per share of $1.60. We received net cash proceeds of $48.5 million associated with the offering, after costs of $3.3 million.

At-The-Market Equity Offering

In November 2017, we entered into an At-The-Market Equity Offering Sales Agreement (the “ATM Sales Agreement”), pursuant to which we may sell an aggregate of up to $30.0 million of our common stock pursuant to the shelf registration statement. During the year ended June 30, 2020, we sold 5,471,684 shares under the ATM Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $20.7 million.

Shelf Registration Statement

We have a shelf registration statement that permits us to sell, from time to time, up to $200.0 million of common stock, preferred stock and warrants. The shelf registration was filed and declared effective in May 2020, replacing our prior shelf registration statement that was filed and declared effective in May 2017, and carrying forward approximately $107.5 million of unsold securities registered under the prior shelf registration statement. Shares sold in the underwritten registered offering in December 2019 were sold under the prior shelf registration statement. Shares sold under the ATM Sales Agreement prior to and after May 2020 were issued pursuant to the prior shelf registration statement and shelf registration statement, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, there is $178.9 million aggregate value of securities available under the shelf registration statement, including up to $3.2 million remaining available under the ATM Sales Agreement.

May 2018 Private Placement

In May 2018, we sold 33,003,296 shares of our common stock, together with warrants to purchase 16,501,645 shares of common stock, in a private offering for approximately $70.2 million, after deducting offering costs.

Critical Accounting Policies and Management Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606” or the “new revenue standard”)

Beginning July 1, 2018, we recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. For enforceable contracts with our customers, we first identify the distinct performance obligations – or accounting units – within the contract. Performance obligations are commitments in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer.

Payments received under commercial arrangements, such as licensing technology rights, may include non-refundable fees at the inception of the arrangements, cost reimbursements, milestone payments for specific achievements designated in the agreements, and royalties on the sale of products. At the inception of arrangements that include variable consideration, we use judgment to estimate the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price using the most likely method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur, the estimated amount is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not included in the transaction price until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, we re-evaluate estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint and, as necessary, we adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price. Any adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. For the year ended June 30, 2020, we recorded a cumulative catch-up adjustment of $3.1 million related to a partially satisfied performance obligation as a result of the termination of the October 2018 license agreement with KKC to develop and commercialize zandelisib in Japan (“KKC Japan License Agreement”) and execution of the KKC Commercialization Agreement (see Note 2 in our audited financial statements). The KKC Commercialization Agreement substantially retains and consolidates the terms of the 2018 license agreement with KKC to develop and commercialize zandelisib in Japan.

We develop estimates of the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation. Variable consideration that relates specifically to our efforts to satisfy specific performance obligations is allocated entirely to those performance obligations. Other components of the transaction price are allocated based on the relative stand-alone selling price, over which management has applied significant judgment. We develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for license-related performance obligations, which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical, regulatory and commercial success. We estimate stand-alone selling price for

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research and development performance obligations by forecasting the expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation plus an appropriate margin.

In the case of a license that is a distinct performance obligation, we recognize revenue allocated to the license from non-refundable, up-front fees at the point in time when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee can use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other distinct or combined obligations, we use judgment to assess the nature of the performance obligation to determine whether the performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. If the performance obligation is satisfied over time, we evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. We generally use the cost-to-cost measure of progress because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as we incur costs. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation (an “input method” under Topic 606). We use judgment to estimate the total cost expected to complete the research and development performance obligations, which include subcontractors’ costs, labor, materials, other direct costs and an allocation of indirect costs. We evaluate these cost estimates and the progress each reporting period and, as necessary, we adjust the measure of progress and related revenue recognition.

For arrangements that include sales-based or usage-based royalties, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. To date, we have not recognized any sales-based royalty revenue from license agreements.

We recognized revenue associated with the following license agreements (in thousands):

Based on the characteristics of the KKC Agreements (Note 2), delivery of the Ex-US license and Japan license are distinct performance obligations, and we recognized related revenue of $21.0 million and $0.9 million during the years ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019, respectively, when the licenses were transferred to the licensee and the licensee could use and benefit from the licenses. We account for any partially unsatisfied performance obligations carried forward into the new agreement as the continuation of the previous contract, and we recorded a cumulative catch-up adjustment of $3.1 million to revenue during the year ended June 30, 2020 as a result of the termination of the KKC Japan License Agreement and execution of the KKC Commercialization Agreement.

The KKC Commercialization Agreement and KKC Japan License Agreement included other distinct performance obligations satisfied over time, and accordingly we recognized $6.6 million, inclusive of cumulative catch-up amounts, and $1.7 million related to our progress toward satisfying those obligations during the years ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019, respectively.

Based on the characteristics of the Helsinn License Agreement (Note 4), control of the remaining deliverables occurs and therefore we recognize revenue based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligations. Accordingly we recognized $1.4 million and $2.3 million related to our progress toward satisfying those obligations during the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As of June 30, 2020, we had $82.5 million of deferred revenue associated with our remaining performance obligations under the KKC and Helsinn license agreements. We expect to recognize approximately $14.8 million of deferred revenue in the next 12 months, and an additional $67.7 million thereafter.

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Contract Balances

Receivables and contract assets are included in our balance sheet in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets”, and contract liabilities are included in “Deferred revenue” and “Deferred revenue long-term”. The following table presents changes in contract assets and contract liabilities during the years ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 (in thousands).:

The timing of revenue recognition, invoicing and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable and unbilled receivables (contract assets), which are classified as “prepaid expenses and other current assets” on our Balance Sheet, and deferred revenue (contract liabilities). We invoice our customers in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, typically at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Invoicing may occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. We may receive advance payments from our customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. The contract assets and liabilities reported on the Balance Sheet relate to the KKC Commercialization Agreement, the KKC Japan License Agreement and Helsinn License Agreement.

Revenues from Collaborators

We earn revenue in connection with collaboration agreements, which are detailed in Note 2, KKC Agreements, and Note 3, BeiGene Collaboration.

At contract inception, we assess whether the collaboration arrangements are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“Topic 808”), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed based on the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of Topic 808 that contain multiple units of account, we first determine which units of account within the arrangement are within the scope of Topic 808 and which elements are within the scope of Topic 606. For units of account within collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to Topic 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, by analogy to authoritative accounting literature. For units of account within collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to Topic 606, we recognize revenue as discussed above. Consideration received that does not meet the requirements to satisfy Topic 606 revenue recognition criteria is recorded as deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, classified as either short-term or long-term deferred revenue based on our best estimate of when such amounts will be recognized.

Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“Topic 605”)

Revenue Recognition

Payments received under commercial arrangements, such as licensing technology rights, may include non-refundable fees at the inception of the arrangements, milestone payments for specific achievements designated in the agreements, and royalties on the sale of products. We consider a variety of factors in determining the appropriate method of accounting under our license agreements, including whether the various elements can be separated and accounted for individually as separate units of accounting.

Multiple Element Arrangements

Deliverables under an arrangement will be separate units of accounting, provided (i) a delivered item has value to the customer on a standalone basis; and (ii) the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, and delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in our control.

We account for revenue arrangements with multiple elements by separating and allocating consideration according to the relative selling price of each deliverable. If an element can be separated, an amount is allocated based upon the relative selling price of

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each element. We determine the relative selling price of a separate deliverable using the price we charge other customers when we sell that element separately. If the element is not sold separately and third party pricing evidence is not available, we will use our best estimate of selling price.

License Fee Revenue

Non-refundable, up-front fees that are not contingent on any future performance by us and require no consequential continuing involvement on our part are recognized as revenue when the license term commences and the licensed data, technology or product is delivered. We defer recognition of non-refundable upfront license fees if we have continuing performance obligations, without which the licensed data, technology, or product has no utility to the licensee separate and independent of our performance under the other elements of the applicable arrangement. The specific methodology for the recognition of the revenue is determined on a case-by-case basis according to the facts and circumstances of the applicable agreement.

Research and Development Revenue

Research and development revenue represents ratable recognition of fees allocated to research and development activities. We defer recognition of research and development revenue until the performance of the related research and development activities has occurred. Research and development revenue for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 relate to services provided by third-party vendors related to research and development activities performed under the KKC License Agreements (see Note 4 to our audited financial statements) Helsinn License Agreement (see Note 4 to our audited financial statements).

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily includes external costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials and develop and manufacture drug materials, and internal compensation and related personnel expenses to support our research and development performance obligations associated with the Helsinn License Agreement.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials and develop and manufacture drug materials. Clinical trial costs, including costs associated with third-party contractors, are a significant component of research and development expenses. We expense research and development costs based on work performed. In determining the amount to expense, management relies on estimates of total costs based on contract components completed, the enrollment of subjects, the completion of trials, and other events. Costs incurred related to the purchase or licensing of in-process research and development for early-stage products or products that are not commercially viable and ready for use, or have no alternative future use, are charged to expense in the period incurred.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense for employees and directors is recognized in the Statement of Operations based on estimated amounts, including the grant date fair value and the expected service period. For stock options, we estimate the grant date fair value using a Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires the use of multiple subjective inputs including estimated future volatility, expected forfeitures and the expected term of the awards. We estimate the expected future volatility based on the stock’s historical price volatility. The stock’s future volatility may differ from the estimated volatility at the grant date. For restricted stock unit (“RSU”) equity awards, we estimate the grant date fair value using our closing stock price on the date of grant. We recognize the effect of forfeitures in compensation expense when the forfeitures occur. The estimated forfeiture rates may differ from actual forfeiture rates which would affect the amount of expense recognized during the period. We recognize the value of the awards over the awards’ requisite service or performance periods. The requisite service period is generally the time over which our share-based awards vest.

Warrant Liability

In May 2018, we issued warrants in connection with the May 2018 Private Placement. Pursuant to the terms of the warrants, we could be required to settle the warrants in cash in the event of an acquisition of the Company and, as a result, the warrants are required to be measured at fair value and reported as a liability in the balance sheet. We recorded the fair value of the warrants upon issuance using the Black-Scholes valuation model, and are required to revalue the warrants at each reporting date with any changes in fair value recorded on our statement of operations. Inputs used to determine estimated fair value of the warrant liabilities include the estimated fair value of the underlying stock at the valuation date, the estimated term of the warrants, risk-free interest rates, expected dividends and the expected volatility of the underlying stock.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense consists of current and deferred income tax expense or benefit. Current income tax expense or benefit is the amount of income taxes expected to be payable or refundable for the current year. A deferred income tax asset or liability is recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to tax credits and loss carryforwards and to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets

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will not be realized. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, we have established a valuation allowance to fully reserve our net deferred tax assets. Changes in our ownership may limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized in the future to offset taxable income. As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, beginning with our fiscal year ending June 30, 2021, the deduction of net operating losses is limited to 80% of current year taxable income.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Topic on Income Taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criteria for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2020 and 2019.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

We had a loss from operations of $24.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to a loss from operations of $46.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2019.

Revenue: We recognized revenue of $28.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $4.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. Revenue increased primarily due to our license agreement with KKC and resulted from the transfer of the Ex-U.S. license, the partial satisfaction of our research and development obligations and providing clinical trial materials. Revenue related to the license agreement with KKC was $27.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $2.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. Revenue also includes recognition of fees allocated to performance obligations in accordance with the Helsinn License Agreement. Revenue related the Helsinn License Agreement was $1.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $2.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 due to the completion of enrollment and decreased costs related to the POC study.

Cost of Revenue: We recognized cost of revenue of $2.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $4.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. The cost of revenue includes external costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials and develop and manufacture drug materials, and internal compensation and related personnel expenses associated with pracinostat. Costs of revenue relate to expenses for pracinostat incurred in connection with our development activities in accordance with the Helsinn License Agreement, including both Helsinn’s share and our share of costs related to the POC study, which we are responsible for conducting. Cost of revenue decreased due to the completion of enrollment and decreased costs related to the POC study.

Research and Development: The following is a summary of our research and development expenses to supplement the more detailed discussion below. The dollar values in the following table are in thousands.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of clinical trial costs (including payments to CROs), pre-clinical study costs, and costs to manufacture our drug candidates for non-clinical and clinical studies. Other research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and personnel costs, share-based compensation, legal costs, and other costs not allocated to specific drug programs. Research and development expenses were $34.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $32.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. Costs related to zandelisib the year ended June 30, 2020 reflected a decrease of $4.5 million of drug manufacturing costs, offset by $4.4 million of increased clinical trial costs, primarily as a result of increased activity in the Phase 2 study. Costs related to voruciclib decreased for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared with the year ended June 30, 2019, due to decreased clinical trial and drug manufacturing costs. Other research and development costs increased for the year ended June 30, 2020 due to higher levels of personnel costs ($2.4 million) and share-based compensation ($0.5 million) associated with increased headcount to support our clinical activities, as well as to increased patent and consulting fees ($0.5 million).

General and Administrative: General and administrative expenses increased by $2.1 million to $16.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $14.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. The increase is primarily due to $1.5 million in increased personnel costs associated with increased headcount to support our activities.

Other income or expense: We recorded a non-cash expense of $22.9 million during the year ended June 30, 2020 due to a change in the fair value of our warrant liability for warrants issued in connection with the May 2018 Private Placement. The change in the warrant liability is primarily due to changes in our stock price. Additionally, we received interest and dividend income of $1.4 million

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for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to $1.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. The decrease was due to lower yields during the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to the year ended June 30, 2019.

Comparison of Years Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

We have omitted discussion of the results of operations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 because it would be redundant to the discussion previously included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, filed with the SEC on August 28, 2019.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have any off-balance-sheet arrangements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have accumulated losses of $277.2 million since inception and expect to incur operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. As of June 30, 2020, we had $182.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments. Additionally, we have a receivable of $20.4 million representing the remaining amount due to us of the $100 million upfront payment paid by KKC in May 2020 associated with the KKC Commercialization Agreement. Of the $100 million paid by KKC, $20.4 million was remitted to the Japanese taxing authorities as a result of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service being closed due to the COVID pandemic, and therefore being unable to provide necessary documentation to support an exemption from the required foreign withholding. We believe that these resources will be sufficient to fund our operations into fiscal year 2022 and beyond. Our current business operations are focused on continuing the clinical development of our drug candidates. Changes to our research and development plans or other changes affecting our operating expenses may affect actual future use of existing cash resources. Our research and development expenses are expected to increase in the foreseeable future. We cannot determine with certainty costs associated with ongoing and future clinical trials or the regulatory approval process. The duration, costs and timing associated with the development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including uncertainties associated with the results of our clinical trials.

To date, we have obtained cash and funded our operations primarily through equity financings and license agreements. In order to continue the development of our drug candidates, at some point in the future we expect to pursue one or more capital transactions, whether through the sale of equity securities, license agreements or entry into strategic partnerships. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to raise additional capital in the future.

Sources and Uses of Our Cash

Net cash provided by operations for the year ended June 30, 2020 was $34.3 million (net cash used in operations was $45.3 million, net of a $79.6 million license fee received from KKC, as described above). Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2019 was $29.4 million ($39.4 million, net of a $10.0 million license fee received from KKC, as described above). Net cash used in operating activities was $21.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. The increase in cash provided by operating activities year over year is due to the receipt of $79.6 million upfront payment as a result of the KKC License Agreement.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2020 was $106.3 million compared to $24.3 million provided by investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2019. The change was primarily due to higher purchases of short-term investments in 2020 as a result of the KKC License Agreement, net of maturities. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2018 was $44.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended June 30, 2020 was $74.8 million compared with $1.4 million provided by financing activities during the year ended June 30, 2019. Cash raised during the year ended June 30, 2020 reflected $69.2 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock. Cash raised during the year ended June 30, 2019 reflected $1.1 million of proceeds from the exercise of warrants. There was $70.2 million provided by financing activities related to the May 2018 Private Placement during the year ended June 30, 2018.

Contractual Obligations

We have contracted with various consultants and third parties to assist us in pre-clinical research and development and clinical trials work for our leading drug compounds. The contracts are terminable at any time, but obligate us to reimburse the providers for any time or costs incurred through the date of termination. Additionally, we have employment agreements with certain of our current employees that provide for severance payments and accelerated vesting for share-based awards if their employment is terminated under specified circumstances.

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We have leased approximately 32,800 square feet of office space in San Diego, California. The contractual lease term is from July 2020 through March 2028. The average annual lease payments over the term of the lease will approximate $1.5 million, plus a pro rata share of certain building expenses. Our total contractual obligation over the term of the lease is approximately $11.5 million.

Presage License Agreement

In September 2017, we entered into the Presage License Agreement. Under the terms of the Presage License Agreement, Presage granted to us exclusive worldwide rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize voruciclib, a clinical-stage, oral and selective CDK inhibitor, and related compounds. In exchange, we paid Presage $2.9 million. With respect to the first indication, an incremental $2.0 million payment, due upon dosing the first subject in the first registration trial will be owed to Presage, for total payments of $4.9 million prior to receipt of marketing approval of the first indication in the U.S., E.U. or Japan. Additional potential payments of up to $179 million will be due upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones. We will also pay mid-single-digit tiered royalties on the net sales of any product successfully developed. As an alternative to milestone and royalty payments related to countries in which we sublicense product rights, we will pay to Presage a tiered percent (which decreases as product development progresses) of amounts received from such sublicensees. As of June 30, 2020, we have not accrued any amounts for potential future payments.

S*Bio Purchase Agreement

We are party to a definitive asset purchase agreement with S*Bio, pursuant to which we acquired certain assets comprised of intellectual property and technology including rights to pracinostat. We agreed to make certain milestone payments to S*Bio based on the achievement of certain clinical, regulatory and net sales-based milestones, as well as to make certain contingent earnout payments to S*Bio. Milestone payments will be made to S*Bio up to an aggregate amount of $74.5 million if certain U.S., E.U. and Japanese regulatory approvals are obtained and if certain net sales thresholds are met in North America, the E.U. and Japan. The first milestone payment of $200,000 plus 166,527 shares of our common stock having a value of $500,000 was paid in August 2017 upon the first dosing of a patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial. Subsequent milestone payments will be due upon certain regulatory approvals and sales-based events. As of June 30, 2020, we have not accrued any amounts for potential future payments.

CyDex License Agreement

We are party to a license agreement with CyDex. Under the license agreement, CyDex granted to us an exclusive, non-transferable license to intellectual property rights relating to Captisol^® for use with our two isoflavone-based drug compounds (currently ME-344). We agreed to pay to CyDex a non-refundable license issuance fee, future milestone payments, and royalties at a low, single-digit percentage rate on future sales of our approved drugs utilizing Captisol. Contemporaneously with the license agreement, CyDex entered into a commercial supply agreement with us, pursuant to which we agreed to purchase 100% of our requirements for Captisol from CyDex. We may terminate both the license agreement and the supply agreement for convenience at any time upon 90 days’ prior written notice. As of June 30, 2020, we have not accrued any amounts for potential future payments.

COVID-19

In January 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus (the “COVID-19 outbreak”) and the risks to the international community. In March 2020, the WHO classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic based on the rapid increase in exposure globally. While we continue to enroll and dose patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development program timelines have been negatively affected by COVID-19. The extent to which the ongoing pandemic continues to impact our business, including our preclinical studies, chemistry, manufacturing, and control (“CMC”) studies and clinical trials, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease and to minimize its economic impact.

In light of the COVID-19 outbreak, the FDA issued a number of new guidance documents. Specifically, as a result of the potential effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on many clinical trial programs in the U.S. and globally, the U.S. FDA issued guidance concerning potential impacts on clinical trial programs, changes that may be necessary to such programs if they proceed, considerations regarding trial suspensions and discontinuations, the potential need to consult with or make submissions to relevant ethics committees, IRBs, and the FDA, the use of alternative drug delivery methods, and considerations with respect the outbreak’s impacts on endpoints, data collection, study procedures, and analysis. In addition, the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) as well as country regulatory authorities have issued similar guidance.

Item 7a. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market interest rates relates primarily to the investments of cash balances and short-term investments. We have cash reserves held in U.S. dollars and we place funds on deposit with financial institutions, which are readily available. Our short-term investments consist solely of U.S. government securities with a maturity of three to twelve months.

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We place our cash deposits with high credit quality financial institutions and by policy limit the amount of credit exposure to any one corporation or bank. These deposits are in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. We are adverse to principal loss and we ensure the safety and preservation of our invested funds by limiting default risk, market risk and reinvestment risk. We seek to mitigate default risk by depositing funds with high credit quality financial institutions, by limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one corporation or bank, by purchasing short-term investments consisting of U.S. government securities, and by positioning our portfolio to respond appropriately to a significant reduction in a credit rating of any such financial institution.

We do not consider the effects of interest rate movements to be a material risk to our financial condition.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

MEI Pharma, Inc.

Index to Financial Statements

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

MEI Pharma, Inc.

San Diego, California

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of MEI Pharma, Inc. (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Change in Accounting Method Related to Leases and Revenue

As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases during the year ended June 30, 2020 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842: “Leases”, and changed its method of accounting for revenue during the year ended June 30, 2019 due to the adoption of the Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.”

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2011.

San Diego, California

September 9, 2020

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MEI PHARMA, INC.

BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

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MEI PHARMA, INC.

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

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MEI PHARMA, INC.

STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

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MEI PHARMA, INC.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

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MEI PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

June 30, 2020

Note 1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company

We are a late-stage pharmaceutical company focused on leveraging our extensive development and oncology expertise to identify and advance new therapies intended to meaningfully improve the treatment of cancer. Our portfolio of drug candidates contains four clinical-stage assets, including zandelisib (formerly known as ME-401), currently in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial that we intend to submit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) to support accelerated approval of a marketing application. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “MEIP”.

Clinical Development Programs

Our approach to building our pipeline is to license promising cancer agents and build value in programs through development, commercialization and strategic partnerships, as appropriate. Our drug candidate pipeline includes:

The results of pre-clinical studies and completed clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and our current drug candidates may not have favorable results in later studies or trials. The commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated if competitors develop and market products that are more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than our drug candidates. We will need substantial additional funds to progress the clinical trial programs for the drug candidates zandelisib, voruciclib, ME-344 and pracinostat, and to develop new compounds. The actual amount of funds that will be needed are determined by a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. Negative U.S. and global economic conditions may pose challenges to our business strategy, which relies on funding from the financial markets or collaborators.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the financial statements. We use estimates that affect the reported amounts (including assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses) and related disclosures. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Liquidity

We have accumulated losses of $277.2 million since inception and expect to incur operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. As of June 30, 2020, we had $182.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments. Additionally, we have a receivable of $20.4 million representing a tax withholding refund due to us of the $100 million upfront payment associated with the KKC Commercialization Agreement (Note 2). Of the $100 million paid by KKC, $20.4 million was remitted to the Japanese taxing authorities as a result of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service being closed due to the COVID pandemic, and therefore being unable to provide necessary documentation to support an exemption from the required foreign withholding. We believe that these resources will be sufficient to meet our obligations and fund our liquidity and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements. Our current business operations are focused on continuing the clinical development of our drug candidates. Changes to our research and development plans or other changes affecting our operating expenses may affect actual future use of existing cash resources. Our research and development expenses are expected to increase in the foreseeable future. We cannot determine with certainty costs associated with ongoing and future clinical trials or the regulatory approval process. The duration, costs and timing associated with the development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including uncertainties associated with the results of our clinical trials.

To date, we have obtained cash and funded our operations primarily through equity financings and license agreements. In order to continue the development of our drug candidates, at some point in the future we expect to pursue one or more capital transactions, whether through the sale of equity securities, license agreements or entry into strategic partnerships. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to raise additional capital in the future.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Cash is maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have not experienced any losses related to these balances.

Short-Term Investments

Investments that have maturities of greater than three months but less than one year are classified as short-term investments. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, our short-term investments consisted of $170.3 million and $64.9 million, respectively, in U.S. government securities. The short-term investments held as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 had maturity dates of less than one year, are considered to be “held to maturity” and are carried at amortized cost. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the gross holding gains and losses were immaterial.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value is as follows:

We measure the following financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of these financial instruments were as follows (in thousands):